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How long can you drink chamomile tea. Chamomile tea - benefits and recipes

Since ancient times, herbs and flowers have been collected and dried to make healing decoctions from them. Such drinks help to cope with various ailments. The benefits of chamomile tea lie in its medicinal properties, which we will discuss later in the article.

How to collect and dry chamomile flowers

The collection process should take place in environmentally friendly places. It is necessary to stock up on flowers only during their flowering in the evenings. It is better to do this in May or June. You should choose ripe, opened daisies.

To dry the inflorescences, they are evenly laid out in a small layer on flat surface. For this process, it is recommended to choose a well-ventilated room. It is important that the daisies are in the shade and cool. The process itself takes five to seven days. Periodically you need to mix the flowers so that they do not crumble.

When drying comes to an end, the chamomile should, when compressed, turn into a dry mixture. They are stored in canvas or cotton bags or cardboard boxes. The shelf life is one year.

Chamomile tea preparation

Do not boil chamomile tea, benefit and medicinal properties will be lost. After boiling water, wait a few minutes, only then fill the flowers with hot liquid.

As a rule, for tea leaves use a couple of teaspoons of chamomile in a glass of water. The decoction must be infused for ten minutes. After that, the drink is passed through a strainer, so large inflorescences do not fall into the mug.

To get a brighter and richer taste, chamomile tea is heated in a water bath for twenty minutes. The drink should be a little hot, so it is made over low heat.

Chamomile tea has a specific flavor that you may not like. In order not to refuse the drink and its healing properties, you can add to it additional components.

For example, tea with chamomile and mint will become great alternative regular drink.

To prepare it, we need:

  • a large spoonful of chamomile flowers;
  • 4 mint leaves;
  • half a lemon;
  • 15 ml of liquid honey.
  1. Grate the lemon.
  2. Throw chamomile in teapot along with mint.
  3. Pour tea leaves hot water.
  4. After seven minutes, add the zest. Leave for this time.
  5. Pass the tea through a strainer.

IN warm drink add honey. Fresh mint can be replaced with a spoonful of dried, and instead of zest, add a circle from a whole lemon.

Recipe for a decoction for colds

During periods of various viral diseases, care should be taken to maintain the body in good shape. This will help you not only physical exercise, proper nutrition and vitamins, but also chamomile tea. Benefit this drink is that it begins to work for recovery already in the early stages of the disease.

Chamomile tea enhances positive impact drugs on the body. Helps improve immunity by minimizing exposure to harmful bacteria.

Chamomile has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. The use of a decoction of this plant can improve the protective functions of the body and speed up the healing process.

Chamomile drink is consumed three times a week for half an hour before meals. To brew decoction, it is necessary to fill in one big spoon glass hot water. Cover the kettle with a towel and leave for thirty minutes. Dilute the tea leaves with water in a ratio of one to one.

Useful properties of the drink

The benefits of chamomile tea for the body are rich in vitamin composition flower, which includes vitamins such as B, C, K, E, PP, D, A. The drink also contains potassium, magnesium, cobalt, iron, salicylic, nicotinic and ascorbic acids.

Chamomile tea is used to eliminate headaches and spasmodic pain, normalize pressure, and relax muscles.

The decoction is used for food poisoning, with problems with the liver and stomach. Regular drinking of tea helps the body cope with the stress that eating fatty foods and alcohol puts on it.

To give the hair elasticity, density and natural shine, they are rinsed with chamomile decoction. It soothes the scalp, cleanses the curls, promotes their growth.

The infusion is also used as a rejuvenating agent. They wipe the face, hands, neck, décolleté.

Since chamomile has an anti-inflammatory effect, its decoction is used in remedies for problematic skin. Regular use of this product helps to soothe the skin of the face, eliminate acne, redness and oily sheen.

Chamomile flowers can often be seen in the composition herbal preparations, eliminating colds, flu, throat diseases. Such products have a positive effect on the body.

Contraindications

The previous section described the benefits of chamomile tea. Harm and contraindications will be considered below.

Chamomile flowers can cause an allergic reaction, so it is recommended to use tea from this plant with caution for the first time.

At frequent use drink can cause headaches, fatigue and nausea.

Since tea has a diuretic effect, its overdose can cause dehydration.

Do not combine the drink with anticoagulants, internal bleeding may occur.

The effect of chamomile tea on women's health

For women have long been known. This drink should be approached wisely, as drinking it in large quantities has Negative influence on the body.

There is an opinion that chamomile drink improves the condition of a woman during PMS. It eliminates uterine contractions, pain in the pelvis and lower back, has a positive effect on the activity of the nervous system.

A special decoction is made from chamomile flowers, which is rinsed with hair. After using it, the curls become shiny, strong and elastic. Also, the decoction helps to lighten the hair.

A face is rubbed with a similar product to eliminate dryness, peeling and soothe inflamed skin.

The benefit of chamomile tea for women is that it is a preventive medicine in the event of an oncology-related disease.

How does chamomile tea affect men's health

The benefits and harms of chamomile tea for men depend on the frequency of drinking and the desired effect.

For men leading active image life, chamomile tea will be soothing drink. It helps to relax muscles, relieve fatigue and tension in the body. The drink is recommended for pain in the back, neck and joints.

For men, the benefit of chamomile tea is that it speeds up the process of treating prostatitis. Gets the job done genitourinary system and has a calming effect on the entire body.

Slimming Tea

Chamomile drink is popular among people who want to improve their figure. It prevents excessive accumulation of fat in the body. The drink has a sedative effect, on the basis of this, the body is less likely to be stressed, which has a positive effect on weight loss.

Weight is often gained due to problems associated with hormonal background. Drinking a drink with chamomile has a positive effect on it.

This is the benefit of chamomile tea. The drink brings harm and negative effects if you use it incorrectly.

Opinions of people who have tried chamomile tea

Chamomile is recognized as one of the most effective medicinal flowers. It has a large number of healing properties, tastes good and has a mild effect on the body.

People who are often exposed to allergic reactions leave only about the use of a chamomile drink. positive reviews. The benefits of chamomile tea are undeniable, it does not do any harm if consumed in reasonable quantities.

Of all presented, the most useful is a flower grown in German fields. It is used as a medicine in many countries of the world.

People suffering from diseases of the nervous system and frequent restless states claim that drinking chamomile tea has significantly improved their health. Sleep improved, the frequency of panic attacks decreased, physical and mental stress was removed.

Women who took chamomile drink for several weeks noticed a calming effect in the premenstrual period, spasmodic pain decreased, general state body has improved significantly.

Chamomile decoction is actively used for diseases such as dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, and other skin disorders. It can be used as an antibacterial tonic to wipe the affected areas of the skin.

The drink is rinsed oral cavity with stomatitis, toothache and other similar ailments. To obtain a greater effect, it is recommended to add sage extract to the decoction.

It is used for pain in the stomach, diarrhea, gastritis and other diseases of the stomach. The drink contributes to the gentle removal of toxins and toxins from the body.

Chamomile tea can be consumed by young children and infants. It eliminates bloating and colic. IN preventive purposes babies are bathed in the broth. Baths with chamomile have a calming and relaxing effect, help the child fall asleep quickly.

Tea bags

For those who don't have time to mess around with loose tea leaves, there are chamomile tea bags. The benefits that this drink brings are no different from positive properties brewed tea.

In order not to make a mistake with the choice of chamomile tea and get quality product buy it in pharmacies.

The drink is very easy to brew. It is necessary to take a mug, place a bag in it and pour boiling water over it. In a couple of minutes you can enjoy delicious and healthy tea.

Tea bags are not inferior in taste, quality and price loose tea.

Healthy Tea Additives

The benefits of chamomile tea can be multiplied by adding additional components to it.

Ivan tea has a positive effect on the stomach. A drink made from chamomile and willow-herb can be used as a facial lotion. It cleanses the skin of impurities and refreshes the complexion.

Mint will give the chamomile drink an even more relaxing and calming effect, helping to eliminate headaches.

Honey and lemon are used with tea to prevent colds.

Thyme is added to a chamomile drink for sore throat and painful spasms.

Chamomile tea can be prepared in several ways. In particular, at home, chamomile can be brewed in the same way as ordinary tea is brewed in a teapot, you can brew it directly in the cup from which you will later need to drink it, you can prepare a remedy with it using bags.

Consider all the ways in which you can prepare chamomile tea.

Brewing chamomile tea in a teapot

To prepare tea in this way, three full tablespoons of chamomile flowers are poured into the teapot and poured with 0.5 liters of water with a temperature of 90-93 ° C. After that, the brew is infused for 1-1.5 hours, after which it is used in the same way as brewing ordinary tea - it is poured 2-3 tablespoons into a cup and hot water is added (again, it is undesirable to use boiling water, the water should not be hotter than 93°C).

It is clear that at home it is difficult to measure the water temperature with such accuracy. This, however, is not required. It is enough just after boiling water to remove the kettle from the stove and let it stand for 10-12 minutes. During this time, the water in it will cool down to about 90 ° C.

It is believed that with more high temperature water in the feedstock may destroy some of the active components, due to which the tea will lose some of its useful properties. In practice, this assumption has not been confirmed, since both the effectiveness of tea and the effectiveness of infusion cold water and even the effectiveness of a decoction that is boiled for several minutes is about the same.

When preparing tea leaves in a teapot and diluting it, the tea is pure and without impurities.

You can store brewed for 2-3 days. After spending the solution and if desired, it can be brewed again, but it is better to use fresh raw materials to prepare a new portion of the tea leaves. In secondary brewing, the concentration of all substances will be significantly lower than in fresh brewing.

How to make tea just before drinking

To make tea just before using it, you need to pour two teaspoons of chamomile flowers into a glass of water with a temperature of 90-93 ° and hold:

  1. 10-15 minutes if the chamomile was chopped;
  2. 25-30 minutes if the flowers have not been crushed.

During this time, the particles of raw materials will settle at the bottom of the mug and tea, in principle, can be drunk directly from the container (glass or mug) in which it was brewed. You can also strain it through cheesecloth or a strainer, pouring it into another mug.

In tea brewed directly in a mug, a lot of garbage remains, which, although not harmful, is not very tasty either.

In the same way, tea can be brewed in a thermos or teapot, but you will need to drink it without diluting it, in the concentration in which it will be obtained after infusion.

Preparing tea in filter bags

Chamomile tea in filter bags is prepared in the same way as from loose raw materials. Here you need to observe the proportion: 3 grams of chamomile in bags corresponds to one full teaspoon of bulk dried chamomile.

Therefore, if, for example, bags with 1.5 g of chamomile in each are used, then four such bags are poured with a glass of hot water directly into the cup, from which tea can be drunk. After that, tea should be infused for 10-15 minutes, since chamomile raw materials in such bags are always crushed.

If tea bags are brewed in a teapot, then 6 such bags are taken for 0.5 liters of water.

Accordingly, if packaged in bags large quantity raw chamomile (for example, 2, 3 or 5 grams each), their number for brewing is selected from the calculation above.

In various teas with chamomile from well-known tea brands, in fact, chamomile does not contain so much.

Filter bags with chamomile are good because the raw material itself does not come out of them into the solution and you can drink tea from the same container in which it was brewed. Accordingly, chamomile tea can be brewed in a thermos or a large teapot, and then, if desired, or according to the treatment schedule, pour it into a cup and drink it.

How to make chamomile tea delicious?

By itself, chamomile tea without additional ingredients cannot be called tasty. It is tart, has a slightly bitter taste and a characteristic field smell. Not surprisingly, most patients do not like it, and children often have to be forced to drink it.

However, if you wish, you can make delicious chamomile tea with your own hands. There are several methods for this:

  • Add a little honey or (worse) sugar to tea prepared according to the classic recipe. One full spoon will be enough to sweeten it, and the slight bitterness will be masked by this sweetness. If such sweet tea intended for a child of the first year of life, you need to make sure that he is not allergic to honey or sugar. Let's say 10 months old or one year old baby you can give it a try pure honey on the tip of a spoon, monitor his condition for a day, and if he does not have a characteristic allergic rash, give tea with honey the next day;
  • Only if the taste of tea is too concentrated, you can dilute it with a little water. Highly concentrated preparations of chamomile are known to cause vomiting when taken internally and should be avoided, especially in children. At the same time, if tea is brewed correctly in the concentrations indicated above and insisted for the specified time, its taste will turn out to be optimal for ingestion. It can be given after preparation to both an adult patient and a child;
  • When brewing tea in chamomile, you can add a couple of sprigs of mint or thyme. They diversify the taste and slightly muffle the chamomile bitterness. In addition, mint leaves a pleasant freshness in the mouth. It is only important to remember that all additional ingredients As part of tea, they can have additional effects, including undesirable ones, which must be taken into account. For example, mint can be very sedating, while valerian can cause constipation. Therefore, on the one hand, making tea with chamomile and mint is useful, for example, for a good sleep, but undesirable for a person who needs a high concentration of attention and composure;
  • It can also be used as an additive in tea. raspberry jam. It is especially useful in diseases in which the patient's temperature rises greatly - the use of raspberry broth has a powerful diaphoretic effect, which helps to lower the temperature, provided that the patient drinks a lot of fluids and has something to sweat. It is advisable to add raspberries to chamomile tea after straining it, so that the raspberries themselves can then be eaten with a spoon.

Thyme herb is known for almost never causing any side effects.

It is important to remember that all the described methods of preparation are relevant only for tea from natural chamomile raw materials. Various teas with the addition of chamomile, in which the main ingredient is, in fact, tea leaf, and chamomile is used as an additive, or instant teas, in which chamomile components are also included as an additive in special granules (for example, Hipp, Heinz teas), are brewed differently and may have different effects. You need to prepare them according to the recipes that are indicated on the package or in the instructions for use for a particular tea.

Chamomile flowers are natural remedy, which at correct use promotes health in a variety of ways. You can use tea from it both for the treatment of diseases and for their prevention. Such a tool acts gently and gradually, but it is practically devoid of the side effects inherent in most medicines. You can make a drink different ways. By adding additional components to it, you can expand the range of action.

Benefits of chamomile tea

Main medicinal properties

A wide range of tea from chamomile flowers is familiar with such properties as a beneficial effect on nervous system and antiseptic action. With it, you can quickly cure a cold, especially in the earliest stages. If you have stomach problems, ulcers or gastritis, then daily use a small amount of chamomile tea will help you significantly improve the situation. It happens that digestive disorders occur on a nervous basis. In this case, chamomile tea is best prepared with the addition of lemon balm.

This natural drink also suitable for people who often experience stress and suffer from insomnia. In this case, you need to drink it before going to bed.

Chamomile flower tea will help eliminate inflammation of various kinds, and at the same time it can be used externally and topically for rinses, douches and compresses.

Chamomile for Women's Health

Very often, women are prescribed washing with chamomile in the event of any inflammatory diseases. Taking the tea inside will help alleviate the condition during menstruation - it relieves cramps and soothes pain. And its regular use helps to eliminate menstrual irregularities.

Beauty Benefits

If you begin to periodically use chamomile tea, you will soon notice an improvement in the condition of the skin. It will become smoother, the tone will even out. At the same time, and the hair will fill up life force, their loss will be reduced.

Chamomile tea during pregnancy

The properties of chamomile tea can also be useful during pregnancy, but here you should act as carefully as possible. In particular, local effects on the genitals must be completely excluded, and only a very weak infusion should be used for oral administration. Moreover, it is worth resorting to this only in case of emergency and only on the recommendation of a doctor. The fact is that chamomile can cause uterine contractions, which can lead to miscarriage.

Chamomile tea for children

Children of any age can be given chamomile tea to treat colds or relieve abdominal pain, eliminate dysbacteriosis and normalize digestion. But the concentration and dosage must be reduced.

can be cooked in different ways; this drink does not require significant costs, helps to improve health and is endowed with unique taste and aroma qualities

Methods for making chamomile tea

Classic chamomile tea

Chamomile flowers can be used on their own without any supplements. In this case, you need to take 1 tablespoon of dried raw materials or 2 sachets per glass of boiling water. After 15 minutes of infusion under the lid, the drink is ready.

Evening soothing infusion

If you plan to use chamomile to eliminate insomnia and calm your nerves, then you can add a little lemon balm or a teaspoon of honey to your tea. You can take both. So you can improve the taste of the drink and enrich it with additional beneficial properties.

Not only chamomile has soothing properties, but also other herbs and plants. Recipes for popular teas that can be consumed even by children can be found in the article.

Chamomile tea with mint

This drink is very easy to make. Just in classic recipe add a teaspoon of dried peppermint. Such a remedy will be good both for relieving nervous tension and for normalizing the functioning of the liver and gallbladder. In addition, it turns out delicious and healthy drink.

Chamomile tea with cream

In some countries it is customary to make chamomile flowers original tea adding honey and cream to taste. It is best to drink it in the evening before going to bed and do not go outside after that. Such a drink relaxes, helps to warm up after hypothermia and strengthens the immune system.

Whatever chamomile flower tea you choose, it will be beneficial for your health. You can drink it at any time of the day, but it is always necessary to observe a sense of proportion. If you buy chamomile in a pharmacy, you will find instructions on the dosage and duration of the course on the package. As a rule, it is recommended to drink the infusion 2-3 times a day for 2 weeks, and then take a break. If you decide to collect chamomile yourself, it is important to consider that it is best to choose environmentally friendly areas away from highways. Best time collection - sunny day. It is important to choose only dry flowers with a flat core.

If you start drinking chamomile tea periodically, you will gradually notice that your emotional condition improved, and sleep became stronger and more restful. In addition, the digestive function will improve, and viral diseases will bypass you. It is only important to use high-quality raw materials. If you buy chamomile in a pharmacy, then try to choose loose, and not in bags. Also pay attention to the fact that there is a mark on the date of collection and the expiration date.

Pharmacy chamomile is the herb that is familiar to everyone, and not only to caring mothers and traditional healers. Since childhood, we know that these small flowers, with a convex yellow center and white thin petals and a specific smell, are medicinal. Chamomile really has a lot various properties, it is used in medicine, herbal medicine, homeopathy, folk healing, dietology, cosmetology. There are many recipes for health and beauty for all ages, for men and women.

Babies are fed with chamomile tea., it helps them calm down, eliminates colic and the tummy stops hurting. Even babies are bathed in chamomile, it has a good effect on the skin, helps to cope with prickly heat and diaper rash.

- Girls and boys with rashes on the face recommend washing your face with a decoction of chamomile or wiping your face with a chamomile tonic- all pimples dry up and heal, inflammation disappears.

- Blondes use brewed chamomile to rinse their hair, so they get a beautiful shade and become shiny.

- It is useful for older women to wipe their face and décolleté area with ice cubes from frozen chamomile infusion - tired skin immediately comes into tone.

- For men, chamomile baths help to cope with excessive sweating of the legs.

Benefits of chamomile tea

Chamomile tea deserves special attention - it helps against many diseases and unpleasant conditions, acts gently and does not cause side effects. tea from chamomile Known as a natural sedative that relieves stress and irritation, improves mood. It is shown to drink with stress, overwork, neurosis, quick-tempered and angry people. Also, a decoction of chamomile helps to get rid of insomnia, it is recommended to drink it at night with honey and milk.

Brewed pharmacy chamomile is good for solving digestive problems, it relieves irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, stops the fermentation process, and kills pathogenic microflora. Chamomile is an excellent antiseptic, it can be drunk as a preventive measure to prevent upset or indigestion. If you drink chamomile tea after a hearty dinner, it will improve digestion, relieve heaviness, and prevent heartburn.

Chamomile tea is useful for colds and SARS as a drink and as a gargle. It relieves inflammation and actively fights bacteria.

Pharmaceutical chamomile has a very specific taste, not everyone likes it, and therefore chamomile tea often consists of several components that significantly improve it. taste qualities increase utility and efficiency.

Chamomile tea recipes and brewing methods

To prepare chamomile tea, you can use loose purchased or home-made grass, as well as chopped chamomile packaged in separate bags. It goes well with black, green, red, white tea and others. medicinal herbs, fruit additives, spices.

Soothing chamomile tea

Take one tablespoon of chamomile, a sprig of mint, a teaspoon of valerian root, a tablespoon of green tea and brew in a liter of boiling water. Honey and lemon can be added to tea to taste. This tea is great for calming and lowering blood pressure.

Tonic chamomile tea

To prepare a drink, you need to take a tablespoon of chamomile, 10 tea rose petals or 1 tablespoon of hibiscus, 3 dried orange peels, a pinch of cinnamon and a tablespoon of black tea. All ingredients are mixed and poured with 1.5 liters of boiling water, infused for 40 minutes.

Healing chamomile tea

For cooking medicinal tea take in equal parts chamomile, calendula, Linden blossom, mint, leaves and dried fruit raspberries, celandine and St. John's wort. A mixture of herbs is brewed in a proportion of 2 tablespoons per liter of water, before use, let it brew. You can add lemon, honey, sugar to taste.

Chamomile tea for beauty

To prepare chamomile tea for health and beauty, you need to take a tablespoon of dry chamomile, a teaspoon of ginger, a teaspoon of licorice, a tablespoon of black or green tea, any dried berries(raspberries, strawberries, rose hips). IN ready tea add honey and milk to taste.

Vitamin chamomile tea

This chamomile tea is good to drink for colds, in winter time when the body lacks useful substances and the immune system weakens. In equal parts, you need to mix chamomile, rose hips, dry orange peels, raspberry and black currant leaves, mint, lemongrass, linden. You can add green or black tea, ginger, a few slices of lemon, honey.

Harm and contraindications of chamomile tea

Chamomile tea cannot bring much harm, but you should not abuse it and make the drink strong. With caution, it should be drunk by pregnant and lactating women, allergy sufferers, people with reduced pressure and taking sedatives.

Chamomile tea is an incredibly healthy drink that is recommended even for young children and pregnant women. It helps fight many diseases and disorders, from stomach pain to insomnia. Because of the many beneficial properties of drinking chamomile for adults and children, doctors have been recommending it for a long time.

Let's start by looking at the topic, how much chamomile tea can you drink per day and what recipes are most effective? traditional recipe elementary:

  • take a spoonful of chamomile flowers;
  • pour boiling water(about 200-250 ml);
  • leave for 10 minutes.

The resulting drink is consumed warm with the addition of honey for taste. Additional herbs will not be superfluous:

  • mint;
  • Melissa;
  • valerian.

If you are going to use chamomile tea for the treatment of a specific disease, do it in courses with breaks. We recommend drinking half a glass of the drink half an hour before meals.

Adults often drink chamomile tea for colds and elevated temperature adding honey and lemon to it. It is also recommended to drink a decoction of chamomile before going to bed in case of insomnia or headaches. Additionally, mint or lemon balm should be added to the drink, which enhance the calming effect and help you fall asleep faster.

How much chamomile tea can you drink daily? This topic is of interest to many adults. There are people who consume the drink constantly - every day and several times. It is safe if you drink tea without adding medicinal herbs. You can safely consume 1-2 cups per day.

If your gynecologist has not found alarming symptoms - uterine tone, discharge, abdominal pain - in small quantities chamomile tea will even help. But its amount varies depending on the trimester, so be sure to check with your doctor.

Chamomile for children: in what cases is it allowed

Parents often ask pediatricians whether it is possible to drink chamomile as tea for a child? In this case, it all depends on age. The smallest up to 4 months old are given chamomile tea as an antispasmodic against colic. It is recommended to do this in the evening for 2-3 teaspoons.

For babies older than four months, it is recommended to give chamomile tea or infusion for abdominal pain after the introduction of new foods into complementary foods, when teething, or for better sleep. With a reddened throat in a child, chamomile tea is given after meals in a couple of spoons.

Brew dried chamomile or buy special powdered tea in bags (it often contains additional herbs and sweeteners). For children under one year old, do not turn chamomile tea into the main drink, giving it only for a sore throat or digestive disorders. How many days you can drink chamomile in these situations, the pediatrician will tell you.

As for children older than a year, they are allowed chamomile teas in sachets combined drinks, infusions and decoctions. They are supplemented with honey or sweetened with sugar. Per day, children from one year old are allowed to give up to 100 ml of chamomile drink per day, and after 10-12 years this dose can be increased to a cup.

Can chamomile tea hurt?

We figured out how much chamomile tea per day for adults and children, but for the sake of completeness, contraindications and precautions should be considered. Caution should be observed by people with. To identify an allergic reaction to a chamomile drink and prevent harm, you should drink half a cup and wait a bit. If a rash or itching appears, such tea will have to be discarded.

It is important not to abuse or drink chamomile too often, otherwise unpleasant symptoms may develop:

  • pain in the head;
  • decreased muscle tone;
  • nausea leading to vomiting;
  • CNS disorders.

You should be aware that chamomile has powerful diuretic abilities, so it should not be combined with diuretics. In case of impaired kidney function, do not lean on flavored drink, and also do not combine it with taking sedatives.



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