History of carbonated drinks. It is BBDO that PepsiCo owes its brightness and originality to.

Study chemical composition carbonated drinks

And their effect on the human body

chemistry teacher,

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….…..2

2. Main part………………………………………………………………………….…...3

2.1. The history of the creation of carbonated drinks……………………………………..…..…3

2.2. Types of sweet carbonated drinks………………………………………….…….3

3. Research part……………………………………………………………………….4

3.1. composition of sweet carbonated drinks…………………………………………….…. ..5

3.1.1. Preservatives……………………………………………………………………...5

3.1.2. Acidity regulator……………………………………………………………..5

3.1.3. Sweeteners…………………………………………………………………………5

3.1.4. Dyes………………………………………………………………………...6

3.1.5. Flavors…………………………………………………………………..6

3.1.6. Carbon dioxide……………………………………………………………………..6

3.2. Experimental part…………………………………………………………………7

3.2.1. Analysis of the results of the survey………………………………………….....7

3.2.2. The results of a chemical experiment………………………………………..8

4. Conclusions and conclusion……………………………………………………………………...10

5. Literature…………………………………………………………………………………..11

INTRODUCTION

Modern popular culture and the process of globalization is unimaginable without soft drinks like Coca-Cola or Pepsi. Our body is 60% water. To maintain water balance, we drink every day. Someone prefers coffee, tea, juice, fruit drink, and someone carbonated drinks. The question of how carbonated water is harmful to human health, and especially for children, has been discussed in the world for a very long time. During this time, scientists have conducted a number of studies showing that today the number of young people suffering from osteoporosis, that is, a decrease in bone density, has sharply increased. The cause of this dangerous disease is a lack of calcium in the body, which a person receives by consuming milk, cheese, cottage cheese. Given the peculiarities of modern youth addictions, who prefer carbonated water to milk, it will become clear that most of today's children lack calcium, which increases natural process destruction of bones, which begins in a person after 22 years.

We drink sweet carbonated drinks, sometimes without thinking about the harm that they can do to our body. And this harm is quite large, as consumer protection societies in many countries repeat. So what are the manufacturers of carbonated drinks hiding behind bright labels and advertising propaganda?

Subject of study: ingredients of sugary carbonated drinks and their impact on human health.

Object of study: students in grades 5-7, as well as various brands of sugary carbonated drinks.

Hypothesis: it is assumed that sugary carbonated drinks have a negative effect on the human body.

Purpose of the study: to study the chemical composition of carbonated drinks and the effect of their components on the human body.

Research objectives:

1. Study the history of the creation of carbonated drinks;

2. Consider the classification and chemical composition of sweet carbonated drinks;

3. To study the physiological impact of the main components of carbonated water on the human body;

4. Develop and conduct a survey among students in grades 5-7.

5. Conduct an experiment to study the chemical composition of the most consumed sweet carbonated drinks.

Research methods: study of literary sources; questioning; chemical experiment.

MAIN PART

The history of the creation of carbonated drinks

It is impossible to imagine a modern person without sweet, soft, carbonated drinks, like Lemonade, 7Up, Pepsi, etc. In 1833, the first carbonated lemonades appeared on sale in England. Then "soda" was sold in pharmacies. In 1886, Coca-Cola and Dr. Pepper. Initially, Coca-Cola was made from a tincture of coca leaves and kola nuts, pharmacist John Pemberton came up with a recipe for a syrup to treat headaches and colds and guessed to dilute it with sparkling water. In 1898, Pepsi appeared (according to some versions, a cure for intestinal disorders), which was invented by pharmacist Caleb Bradham, who mixed kola nut extract, vanillin and aroma oils. Lithiated Lemon was invented in 1929 and is now known as 7Up. It was advertised as a means for creating alcoholic cocktails.

In 1960 appeared new class sweet lemonades - "sports". This and similar drinks did not contain gas, but were rich in vitamins and other substances that help athletes quench their thirst and improve performance. In the 1980s, drinks containing caffeine appeared. Their creators expected to attract students, businessmen and all people who urgently needed to cheer up. In the 1990s, there were " energetic drinks" ("Red Bull"), which contained huge doses of caffeine and other invigorating substances and were intended for visitors to discos and athletes. In the 1990s in the United States, more attention began to be paid to juices and drinks based on them, as well as more "natural" drinks based on tea, coffee, vegetable juices and natural stimulants.

And in Russia, the first production of artificial mineral waters was opened at the beginning of the 19th century in the suburbs of St. Petersburg. The famous confectioner Isler produced seltzer (from the name of the German source Selters) and soda. Seltzer contained sodium, calcium and magnesium salts, soda contained only sodium. Both of them tasted salty, but unlike natural mineral waters, neither then nor now did they have medicinal properties. "Pinocchio", "Duchess", "Lemonade", "Citro" were created in the USSR decades ago by selecting combinations of sugar, citric acid and flavorings. Lemongrass was added to Sayany, and syrups of various citrus fruits were added to Citro (from the French word citron - "lemon").

The history of consumption of carbonated water in Russia has more than one century. Soda managed to be a whim of aristocrats, folk drink and even a weapon of geopolitics, our response to Cola.

Where did he even come from - lemonade?

Like many great inventions, sparkling water was invented by mistake. According to legend, the first "soda" in history was made by the butler of King Louis I. When the monarch asked for wine, the butler mixed up the kegs of wine and juice. I noticed a mistake and added mineral water to the juice. The king liked the drink. Allegedly, this is how the “royal lemonade” appeared.

But this is a legend. In fact, it is known that back in the 17th century in France, a mixture was called lemonade. lemon juice With mineral water. Not everyone could afford such a drink, so the consumption of lemonade was considered a whim of the aristocracy. They also drank lemonade in Italy. There, lemonade was also insisted on various herbs.

Thus, The World History lemonade began with mixing lemon juice with mineral water, only in 1767 the English scientist Joseph Priestley came up with a saturator, with which it became possible to saturate plain water bubbles of carbon dioxide.

The first carbonated lemonades appeared already at the beginning of the 19th century, and in 1871 the first lemonade was patented in the United States. With a frilly name: "High Quality Lemon Sparkling ginger ale". It was this pop that Lolita liked to drink in Nabokov's sensational novel.

Petrovsky innovations

The appearance of lemonade in Russia is associated with Peter the Great. The recipe, and most importantly, the fashion for the consumption of lemonade, he brought from Europe. The diplomat of the time of Peter the Great, Pyotr Tolstoy, wrote that abroad "they drink more lemonade ...". New drink in Russia they fell in love immediately, and the emperor ordered "to drink lemonade at the assemblies." Having picked up a fashionable trend, they began to prepare a soft drink in noble and merchant families, although it was not cheap and was stored for only a week.

Lemonade in art

TO early XIX For centuries, lemonade in Russia was drunk not only in assemblies and not only by aristocrats. True, usually it was not yet carbonated lemonade, rather lemon water. It was still expensive to mix it with mineral water. Herman drank lemonade in Pushkin's "Queen of Spades" and Arbenin in Lermontov's "Masquerade", Dunya in "The Stationmaster" served her father a mug of "lemonade prepared by her." In Chekhov's story "The Fermentation of Minds", Akim Danilych drank lemonade with cognac in a grocery store.

soda

In Russia, the history of lemonade has received its unique development. In 1887, the Tiflis pharmacist Mitrofan Lagidze came up with the idea of ​​mixing carbonated water not with lemon juice, but with an extract of Caucasian tarragon, better known as tarragon. At pre-revolutionary international exhibitions, effervescent and flavored drink Lagidze has repeatedly received gold medals. Mitrofan Lagidze was the supplier of the Imperial Court and the Iranian Shah.

The Waters of Lagidze were also popular in Soviet time. From the Tbilisi plant twice a week, on Mondays and Wednesdays, parties of lemonade were sent to Moscow by special flights for the first persons of the state. It is known that Khrushchev loved pear and orange drinks, Brezhnev - pear and tarragon, Kalinin - orange, Anastas Mikoyan - pear and lemon.

"Waters of Lagidze" also participated in geopolitics. Tbilisi lemonades were on the tables of the Yalta conference participants, Franklin Roosevelt took several thousand bottles of Cream Soda with him to the United States, and Churchill mentioned Yalta lemonade in his memoirs.

When another US president, Harry Truman, sent 1,000 bottles of Coca-Cola as a gift to the USSR in 1952, he received in return a whole batch of various Lagidze lemonades, including such exotic types as chocolate and cream.

Automata

On April 16, 1937, the first sparkling water machine was installed in the Smolny canteen. This can be considered a truly historic event. Further more. Machine guns began to appear in Moscow, and then throughout the Union. Just sparkling water cost one penny, sparkling water with syrup was sold for three pennies. The cups were reusable, they were simply rinsed with a stream of water, which was far from current hygiene standards.

Modern mass culture and the process of globalization cannot be imagined without soft drinks like lemonade, coca or Pepsi. In the United States, the term "softdrink" is used to refer to this type of drink.
ABOUT healing properties mineral waters with gas were known already four thousand years ago in Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome. The great scientist Hippocrates in his treatise "On Airs, Waters and Localities" writes that the sick were treated in fonts at temples. Greek priests strictly guarded their secrets, protecting healing power mineral water.
The discovery of the secret of sparkling water was as unexpected as most great discoveries.

The English scientist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), living next door to the brewery and observing its work, became interested in what kind of bubbles the beer emits during fermentation. Then he hoisted two containers of water over the brewing beer. After a while, the water was charged with beer carbon dioxide. Having tasted the resulting liquid, the scientist was struck by its unexpectedly pleasant sharp taste, and in 1767 he himself made the first bottle of carbonated water. Soda was sold only in pharmacies.

In 1772, Priestley was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences for the discovery of soda, and in 1773. - Received a medal from the Royal Society.

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) - English priest, chemist, philosopher, public figure, was born in Fieldhead, near Leeds (Yorkshire, England) on March 13, 1733. He was the eldest of six children in the family of Jonas Priestley, a cloth maker. From 1742 he was brought up by Sarah Quigley, an aunt on his mother's side.

Priestley studied at Batley School, where he studied Latin and Greek. After a short break in his studies due to illness, Priestley decided to devote his life to serving the church. By this time he had already succeeded enough in the study of other languages ​​and knew French, German, Italian, Arabic and even Chaldean.

It was Priestley who first obtained hydrogen chloride, ammonia, silicon fluoride, sulfur dioxide ...

And in 1770, the Swedish chemist Thorbern Olaf Bergman (1735-1784) invented a device with which it was possible to produce soda in enough large quantities. This device is called a saturator.

Further developments in this area were made by Johann Jacob Schwepp, a German by birth, who kept a jewelry store in Geneva. From his youth, he dreamed of creating non-alcoholic champagne - with bubbles, but without alcohol. 20 years of experiments were crowned with success and in 1783 he invented an industrial plant for the production of carbonated water. Schwepp first sold his drink in Switzerland, but soon realized that in England the demand for it would be higher, and in 1790 he moved there. The British were famous for their passion for brandy, and Schwepp hoped to fill the niche of brandy thinners with his products.

Schwepp founded a still thriving company in England, which began to sell soda in glass jars with an embossed logo. In the 1930s, J. Schweppe & Co began producing carbonated lemonade and other fruit waters.

The soft drink industry arose in the late 18th century, when water carbonated with carbon dioxide appeared on sale (in France and England). Then it was considered an inexpensive imitation of healing mineral waters, and soda was sold in pharmacies, and not in conventional stores. Further expansion was ensured by chemists: in 1784, it was first isolated lemon acid(from lemon juice). In 1833, the first carbonated lemonades appeared on sale in England. The first carbonated drink called “lemonade” appeared. From the word lemon.

John Riley, author of the classic The Organization of Industry Soft Drinks, draws attention to the following: in 1871, a significant event occurred - for the first time in the United States (and in the world) was registered trademark soft drink - it was called "Fabulous Carbonated Lemon Ginger Ale

In 1875, the American pharmacist Charles Hires was introduced to a drink made homemade from the roots of certain plants - ten years later Hires began selling bottled non-alcoholic "root beer".

In 1886, Coca-Cola, which currently exists, was first released for sale. Initially Coca-Cola was made from a tincture of coca leaves and kola nuts, pharmacist John Pemberton came up with a recipe for a syrup designed to treat headaches and colds and guessed to dilute it with carbonated water. The authors of numerous books devoted to the history of the most popular soda of the millennium constantly bring up a funny fact: in the first year, they managed to earn $25 from the sale of coca, while $75 was spent on advertising the new drink.

In 1898, Pepsi-Cola appeared (according to some versions, it was originally a cure for intestinal disorders), which was invented by pharmacist Caleb Bradham, who mixed kola nut extract, vanillin and aromatic oils.

Yet flavored soda was most likely invented on the West Atlantic coast. It was introduced in 1807 by the Philadelphia physician Philip Sing Physicist. He prescribed sparkling water enriched with syrup, which was prepared according to his prescription by the pharmacist Townsend Speakman. Soon, the first soda water kiosks appeared in American cities, but it was not widely used. The technology of its manufacture available to the Americans was primitive, and the Schwepp apparatus remained a secret.

In 1832, a young immigrant from England, John Matthews, began to produce quite decent saturators in New York. He improved Schwepp's design and carbon dioxide production technology. Thus, the production of artificially carbonated water began to gain momentum. Firms began to appear offering carbonated drinks with various flavors.

The success of soda turned out to be highly dependent on political factors. After the outbreak of the First World War, the industry was paralyzed - the reason was the shortage of sugar. Manufacturers are in dire straits because the U.S. government has deemed their merchandise unimportant to supply healthy eating Americans. It is curious that the US authorities made a similar decision during the Second World War, but by this time the Americans were addicted to this kind of drink, so carbonated drinks were included in the diet of American soldiers.

James Samuelson, author of The History of Drinking, notes that Prohibition, a ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States from 1920-1933, gave a push in the opposite direction. Consumers were forced to replace traditional wine and whiskey innocent soft drinks.

In 1929, the Great Depression, an unprecedented economic crisis, began in the United States, which destroyed many small companies specializing in the production of such goods. However, the major players survived. Also in 1929, Lithiated Lemon was invented, which is now known under the brand name 7Up. After the end of the Prohibition, its producers began to advertise lemonade as a wonderful tool for creating alcoholic cocktails - thanks to this, this 7Up survived the most difficult years. Later, inventors got involved: they improved the process of mixing syrup and soda water (the first, in 1922, Coca-Cola did this), established product quality control, and also created branded packaging.

The 1950s were the beginning new era- the emergence of "healthy" drinks. At first high-calorie and unacceptable for certain categories of patients, sugar began to be replaced with artificial sweeteners. In 1952, the small New York company Kirsch Beverages produced the first lemonade intended for diabetics - No-Cal Ginger Ale (in which saccharin replaced sugar). In 1962, Diet-Rite Cola (manufactured by the Royal Crown Company), which was sweetened with cyclamates, was introduced throughout the United States. In 1963, the Coca-Cola Tab appeared, and in 1965, Diet Pepsi. Big chemistry has made a significant contribution to this business as well. In the 1980s, manufacturers began to massively use aspartame, and in the late 1990s, sucralose (sold under the brand name Splenda). At the beginning of the third millennium, trendsetters in this area - The Coca-Cola Company Co and PepsiCo, as well as their many competitors, have launched low-calorie sodas. In many ways, this step was due to the enormous popularity of the Atkins Diet, the essence of which is the rejection of carbohydrates.

In 1960, a new class of drinks appeared - "sports". The pioneer was Gatorade, which was developed by the University of Florida at the request of the coaches of the university football team called Gator. This and similar drinks did not contain gas, instead they were loaded with vitamins and other substances that are supposed to help athletes quench their thirst and improve performance.

In the 1980s, caffeine-free drinks appeared. Initially, this was done in order to attract certain groups of the US population who, for various reasons, could not use traditional caffeinated sodas - for example, children, hypertensive patients, or adherents of certain religious cults.

At the same time, drinks were produced with high content caffeine - their creators expected to attract students, businessmen and all people who urgently needed to cheer up (it is known that a cup of coffee contains twice as much caffeine as a regular soft drink - new versions of lemonade). In the 1990s, a logical continuation appeared - "energy drinks", which contained horse doses of caffeine and other invigorating substances and were intended for discos and athletes.

In the 1990s, another trend emerged in the United States: consumers began to pay more attention to juices and drinks based on them (Nantucket Nectars juice, produced by the company of the same name, became the first here), as well as more "natural" drinks based on tea, coffee, vegetable juices and natural stimulants.

However, despite the abundance of flavors and recipes available, according to the American Beverage Association, traditional soda remains the most popular in the US, accounting for more than 73% of total sales, followed by non-carbonated sugary drinks (13.7%). ), on the third - bottled water (13.2%).

Today, in the US alone, such drinks are produced by several hundred companies employing more than 200,000 people. The American Economics Group, a consulting firm, estimates that the non-alcoholic industry employs more than 3 million people in the US, with a market worth $278 billion a year.

Carbonated drinks in the USSR.

The common word "sitro" (citron - lemon in French), which has become familiar to us, was the name of one of the types of lemonade in Soviet times. This drink was created on the basis of infusions of orange, tangerine and lemon with the addition of vanillin. The shelf life of drinks was 7 days.

Lemonade in the USSR was created on the basis of lemon tincture and apple juice. It is also a carbonated soft drink from childhood. Pinocchio is a type of lemonade.

In 1887, the Tiflis pharmacist Mitrofan Lagidze invented the carbonated soft drink Tarragon. The composition included carbonated water, citric acid, sugar and tarragon extract. In 1981, the carbonated drink Tarragon went on sale.

1973 carbonated tonic drink Baikal was created. Baikal was created as a competitive analogue of Coca-Cola. The composition of the tonic tincture, which became the basis for creating the drink, includes: extracts of St. John's wort and licorice root, eleutherococcus or leuzea extract, oils of eucalyptus, lemon, laurel, fir and citric acid.

The most popular drinks in the USSR were: Lemonade, Citro, Pinocchio, Duchesse, Kryushon, Kolokolchik, Tarragon, Sayany, Baikal, Cream soda.

Drinks were sold in glass bottles or in bottling, which were issued from soda machines, 250 ml. a glass of sparkling water cost 2 kopecks, and the cost of a drink was 3 kopecks. Soda machines could be found at every step of any city in our country.

In Japan.

1876 ​​soft drink was created by the Japanese Alexander Cameron Sim

The Japanese have their Japanese Ramune Lemonade. Ramune is somewhat similar to classic lemonade. The design of the bottles is particularly extravagant. Their appearance changes with each batch, as well as in a glass ball.

Inventor Hiram Codds created a bottle for Ramune. The glass ball is in the neck glass bottle, which creates a ringing when drinking. At first it is difficult for Ramuna to drink, because the ball blocks the neck. It takes practice. The creation of the bottle is addressed to children who do not remember the name of the drink.

Today, the choice of non-alcoholic carbonated drinks is very wide. The most common in the world, of course, are Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Despite this, the popularity of domestic drinks in our country does not lag behind foreign manufacturers..

How did PepsiCo Corporation enter the USSR market? How many different cunning and manipulative combinations were played out just for one thing, the introduction of the American way of life into the minds of Soviet citizens.

In 1953, Nixon was elected vice president, and after a while, Pepsi's business took off. In 1959, the first ever US national exhibition opened in Moscow. And it was Nixon who was supposed to represent the American government on it. Kendall (CEO of PepsiCo) was quick to take advantage of the opportunity.

“In the evening,” Kendall recalled, “on the eve of the opening of the exhibition, there was a dinner at the embassy. Tommy Thompson was the ambassador at the time. I confessed to Nixon that I was in big trouble at home and said, "I need Khrushchev to have a Pepsi in his hand, or I won't get well." Nixon replied, "Don't worry, I'll take him to your booth."


Legendary photo. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Richard Nixon and Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov. The role of the bartender is performed personally by the head of PepsiCo, Donald Kendell.
At the exhibition's opening, Nixon kept his promise. I informed Khrushchev that I had a Pepsi that we brought from the United States and a Pepsi made here in Moscow, and suggested that he try both, expressing my confidence that we could make Pepsi here as well as in the United States. States. Khrushchev tried both and announced: "Moscow's Pepsi-Cola is much better than the one made in New York." And he began to offer Moscow Pepsi to others with the words: "Here is a good Pepsi-Cola." The press, of course, went crazy. Our advertising slogan at that time was "Be more sociable, Pepsi will help!". The photographs were distributed all over the world. Newspapers featured pictures of Khrushchev serving Pepsi-Cola on the front pages, and the caption under the photo read: "Khrushchev wants to be sociable."
But this was not enough.


“I,” Kendall recalled, “came to Russia in 1970 to meet with Kosygin, who was then prime minister. He talked about the five-year plan, shook hands with us. Tommy Thompson, who was ambassador here in 1959, told me: “If you want to deal with them, you need to forget about direct money transactions. Barter only." And he also said: “Russians are beside themselves because of Smirnoff vodka. Smirnoff looks like a Russian product, but it's bottled in Hartford, Connecticut. We need to offer them Pepsi in exchange for Russian vodka.”
Shaking hands with Kosygin, I introduced myself, saying that I was Donald Kendall from Pepsi-Cola, he remarked: “Ah, you are the same person who wants to trade with us in exchange for our vodka.” And I realized that Dobrynin informed about our plans. I had a briefcase with me, where there was a can of Pepsi. I took it out and handed it to Kosygin. Of course, everyone immediately began to say that Kendall came to push his Pepsi. And inside the jar there was actually a receiver. I turned it on and it was tuned into Moscow radio, to Kosygin's surprise. The effect was amazing.
This evening we went to the reception. Some official warned me: "In five minutes he will come to you." Approaching, Kosygin said: "We want to trade with you, your Pepsi for our vodka, liter per liter." I had already had a drink, felt at ease and replied: “I can understand why you are not the Minister of Commerce. Liter per liter! Of course, we are ready to give liter for liter.” Kosygin remarked: "I'm talking about your concentrate, liter per liter." And then it dawned on me what he meant. Early 1980s /"Kommersant"/
For reference.
Pepsi is made from concentrate. The concentrate comes from the USA in 19 liter plastic cans. This canister was bred for 1000 liters of syrup. Syrup - with another 5000 liters of water. Total - 6000 liters of Pepsi. Or 18,181 glass bottles of 0.33 liters.


Early 1980s Branded kiosk "Pepsi Cola" in the USSR
In the spring of 1974, the first - and for the next 24 years the only one for 1/6 of the land - a shop for the production of a foreign drink was opened in Novorossiysk. Only here Pepsi could be bought calmly, without any queues, right on the street. At a price of 45 kopecks, against 15 kopeck lemonade. Drain the bottle from the neck. And hand it back, returning their legal 10 kopecks "for the container."


May 31, 1974 PepsiCo Board of Directors at the opening of a plant in Novorossiysk
The grand opening of the Pepsi-Cola production workshop took place on May 31, 1974. Employees of Trust No. 12 coped with the task of the party, ensuring the commissioning of the facility on a turnkey basis in less than 11 months. The record that Donald Kendell spoke of has been broken. By the way, he personally came to the ceremony and brought with him the entire board of directors of PepsiCo, which included representatives of the largest American corporations: General Motors, IBM, Chase and others. In the book of honored guests, Kendell wrote: "The plant is the most beautiful and, of course, one of the most modern plants in the world."
For reference. At the time of negotiations with the Americans, Novorossiysk was not mentioned. The city did not even have its own sources of water supply. fresh water delivered by tankers from Tuapse. In the early 1970s, shock construction was going on in Novorossiysk. They laid the Trinity water conduit - from artesian wells through the mountains.


September 8, 1974 What Leonid Brezhnev talked about with a girl on the soda bottling line remained a mystery
The second opening of the Pepsi-Cola workshop happened in the early autumn of that year.
- On September 7, we were waiting at the Brezhnev factory, - Dmitry Kusmartsev recalls. - The tables were set, everyone was dressed up. But then they call the director and say: "Leonid Ilyich was intercepted by military sailors on the way." The next morning, at 10:00, a visit was again scheduled. And now Brezhnev has definitely arrived. He was very easy to communicate with. I walked through the shops, looked carefully at everything, laughed with the workers, and then whispered something to the girl who was standing on the bottling line. When they were already out in the air, I was not far from him. And suddenly I see how Leonid Ilyich stopped and fell silent, and then tears appeared in his eyes. Quietly said: “It must be the same, how many guys I lost in this place.” Then, besides the plant, nothing had been built around yet - even the old funnels were clearly visible. /Spetsstroy magazine/
For reference. In 1982, the office of the Central Committee of the CPSU prepared a certificate on the work of PepsiCo in the USSR. She testified that in 1973-1981. 1.9 million decaliters of Stolichnaya vodka worth $25 million were shipped to the United States. At the same time, 32.3 million deciliters of Pepsi-Cola drink were produced during the same period and 303.3 million rubles were generated from its sale (taking into account the exchange rate - 139.3 million rubles more). Thus, Kosygin's formula "an exchange of a liter for a liter" actually turned into a difference of 1 to 17.
Today PepsiCo is the owner of such brands as Lay's®, Pepsi®, Lipton ice tea®, Aqua Minerale®, Adrenaline Rush®, « Orchard”, “House in the village”, “Miracle”, “Agusha”, Cheetos®, “KhrusTeam”, Mirinda®, 7 Up®, “I”, J7®, “Beloved”, “ Happy Milkman”, Bio Max®, Imunele, Russian Gift, Miracle Berry, Essentuki, Springs of Russia and Zdrivers.

soft drink juice fruit drink

There are things that seem to have always existed. We do not wonder who invented the spoon, the glass, the plate; who was the first to think of cooking porridge or soup, picking an apple from a branch or adding salt to food.

The healing properties of mineral waters with gas were known already four thousand years ago in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The great scientist Hippocrates, in his treatise “On Airs, Waters and Places,” writes that the sick were treated in fonts at temples. Greek priests strictly guarded their secrets, protecting the healing power of mineral water.

Carbonated drinks have been around for over two hundred years. The creator of soda - the English scientist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), living next to the brewery and watching her work, became interested in what kind of bubbles the beer emits during fermentation. Then he hoisted two containers of water over the brewing beer. After a while, the water was charged with beer carbon dioxide. Having tasted the resulting liquid, the scientist was struck by its unexpectedly pleasant sharp taste, and in 1767 he himself made the first bottle of carbonated water. Soda was sold only in pharmacies.

In 1772, Priestley was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences for the discovery of soda, and in 1773 he received a medal from the Royal Society.

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) - English priest, chemist, philosopher, public figure, was born in Fieldhead, near Leeds (Yorkshire, England) on March 13, 1733. He was the eldest of six children in the family of Jonas Priestley, a cloth maker. From 1742 he was brought up by Sarah Quigley, an aunt on his mother's side. Priestley studied at Batley School, where he studied Latin and Greek in depth. After a short break in his studies due to illness, Priestley decided to devote his life to serving the church. By this time he had already succeeded enough in the study of other languages ​​and knew French, German, Italian, Arabic and even Chaldean.

It was Priestley who first obtained hydrogen chloride, ammonia, silicon fluoride, sulfur dioxide

Soon scientists found a way to get carbon dioxide more in a simple way- by combining carbonates (ordinary chalk with acid). This prompted the idea of ​​another researcher, the Swede Thorbern Bergman, to invent in 1770 a device in which carbon dioxide quickly dissolved in pressurized water. The device was called a saturator, which means "saturating" in Latin. But Bergman, like his predecessor, did not find practical application to his invention. After 13 years, an amateur chemist, Genevan jeweler Jacob Schwepp, dreaming of creating non-alcoholic champagne, improved the saturator. In 1783, he designed an industrial apparatus and began producing sparkling water. Although in Switzerland New Product almost ignored, in England carbonated water gained popularity: it was usually mixed with strong drinks.

Subsequently, to reduce the cost of producing carbonated water, Schwepp began to use the usual baking soda, after which this water began to be called "soda". The novelty quickly spread throughout England and its colonies, which allowed the chemist to establish the Schwepp & Co company, which is still flourishing.

Schwepp founded a still thriving company in England, which began to sell soda in glass jars with an embossed logo. In the 1930s, J. Schweppe & Co began producing carbonated lemonade and other fruit waters.

The soft drink industry arose in the late 18th century, when water carbonated with carbon dioxide appeared on sale (in France and England). It was then considered an inexpensive imitation of healing mineral waters, and soda was sold in pharmacies, and not in ordinary stores. Chemists provided further expansion: in 1784, citric acid was first isolated (from lemon juice). In 1833, the first carbonated lemonades appeared on sale in England. The first carbonated drink called "lemonade" appeared. From the word lemon.

John Riley, author of the classic The Organization of the Soft Drink Industry, draws attention to the following: in 1871, a landmark event occurred - the first time in the United States (and in the world) a trademark was registered soft drink- it was called "Fantastic Carbonated Lemon Ginger Ale

In 1875, the American pharmacist Charles Hires became acquainted with a drink made from the roots of certain plants in an artisanal way - ten years later Hires began selling bottled non-alcoholic "root beer".

People liked the new carbonated water so much that the companies involved in its production began to produce water with impurities of berry and fruit natural juices, which significantly increased the cost of the product. Science came to the rescue, which helped make carbonated fruit water cheaper: citric acid was isolated and in 1833 soda with this acid additive was called lemonade.

In Japan.

1876, a non-alcoholic carbonated drink was created by the Japanese Alexander Cameron Sim. The Japanese have their own Japanese Ramune lemonade. Ramune is somewhat similar to classic lemonade. The design of the bottles is particularly extravagant. Their appearance changes with each batch, as well as in a glass ball.

Inventor Hirema Codd created a bottle for Ramune. The glass ball is in the neck of the glass bottle, which creates a ringing sound when drinking. At first it is difficult for Ramuna to drink, because the ball blocks the neck. It takes practice. The creation of the bottle is addressed to children who do not remember the name of the drink.

Today, the choice of non-alcoholic carbonated drinks is very wide. The most common in the world, of course, are Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Despite this, the popularity of domestic drinks in our country does not lag behind foreign manufacturers.