What is sugar made from? What is brown sugar made from?

Many memorable battles have taken place throughout history. And some of them are famous for the fact that the Russian troops inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy forces. All of them were of great importance for the history of the country. It will not be possible to cover absolutely all the battles in one small review. There is not enough time or energy for this. However, one of them is still worth talking about. And this battle is a battle on the ice. Briefly about this battle we will try to tell in this review.

A battle of great historical significance

On April 5, in 1242, a battle took place between Russian and Livonian troops (German and Danish knights, Estonian soldiers and Chuds). It happened on the ice of Lake Peipus, namely on its southern part. As a result, the battle on the ice ended with the defeat of the invaders. The victory that took place on Lake Peipus is of great historical significance. But you should know that German historians to this day unsuccessfully try to downplay the results that were achieved in those days. But the Russian troops managed to stop the advance of the crusaders to the East and prevented them from achieving the conquest and colonization of Russian lands.

Aggressive behavior on the part of the troops of the Order

In the period from 1240 to 1242, the German crusaders, Danish and Swedish feudal lords intensified aggressive actions. They took advantage of the fact that Rus' was weakened due to regular attacks from the Mongol-Tatars under the leadership of Khan Batu. Before the battle on the ice broke out, the Swedes had already been defeated during the battle at the mouth of the Neva. However, despite this, the crusaders launched a campaign against Rus'. They were able to capture Izborsk. And after some time, with the help of traitors, Pskov was also conquered. The crusaders even built a fortress after the capture of the Koporsky churchyard. This happened in 1240.

What preceded the battle on the ice?

The invaders also planned to conquer Veliky Novgorod, Karelia and those lands that were located at the mouth of the Neva. The crusaders planned to do all this in 1241. However, Alexander Nevsky, having gathered Novgorodians, Ladoga, Izhors and Korelov under his banner, was able to drive the enemy out of the lands of Koporye. The army, together with the approaching Vladimir-Suzdal regiments, entered the territory of the Ests. However, after that, unexpectedly turning to the East, Alexander Nevsky liberated Pskov.

Then Alexander again transferred the fighting to the territory of the Ests. In this, he was guided by the need to prevent the crusaders from gathering the main forces. In addition, by his actions, he forced them into a premature attack. The knights, having gathered a sufficiently large force, marched to the East, being in full confidence in their victory. Not far from the village of Hammast, they defeated the Russian detachment of Domash and Kerbet. However, some warriors who remained alive were still able to warn of the approach of the enemy. Alexander Nevsky deployed his army in a narrow place in the southern part of the lake, thus forcing the enemy to fight in conditions that were not very convenient for him. It was this battle that subsequently acquired such a name as the Battle of the Ice. The knights simply could not make their way towards Veliky Novgorod and Pskov.

The beginning of the famous battle

The two opposing sides met on April 5, 1242, early in the morning. The enemy column, which pursued the retreating Russian soldiers, most likely received some information from the sentinels sent ahead. Therefore, the enemy soldiers entered the ice in full order of battle. In order to get close to the Russian troops, the united German-Chudsky regiments, it was necessary to spend no more than two hours, moving at a measured pace.

Actions of the soldiers of the Order

The battle on the ice began from the moment when the enemy discovered Russian archers about two kilometers away. The master of the order von Velven, who led the campaign, gave the signal to prepare for hostilities. By his order, the battle formation was to be compacted. All this was done until the wedge came within bow range. Having reached this position, the commander gave an order, after which the head of the wedge and the entire column launched the horses at a rapid pace. A ram attack performed by heavily armed knights on huge horses, fully armored, was supposed to bring panic to the Russian regiments.

When only a few tens of meters remained before the first rows of soldiers, the knights launched their horses into a gallop. This action was performed by them in order to enhance the fatal blow from the attack of the wedge. The battle on Lake Peipus began with archers firing. However, the arrows bounced off the chained knights and did not cause serious damage. Therefore, the arrows simply scattered, retreating to the flanks of the regiment. But it is necessary to highlight the fact that they achieved their goal. Archers were placed on the front line so that the enemy could not see the main forces.

An unpleasant surprise that was presented to the enemy

At that moment, when the archers withdrew, the knights noticed that Russian heavy infantry in magnificent armor was already waiting for them. Each soldier held a long pike in his hands. It was no longer possible to stop the attack that had begun. The knights also did not have time to rebuild their ranks. This was due to the fact that the head of the attacking ranks was propped up by the bulk of the troops. And if the front ranks stopped, they would be crushed by their own. And that would lead to even more confusion. Therefore, the inertia attack was continued. The knights hoped that they would be lucky, and the Russian troops simply would not hold back their furious attack. However, the enemy was already psychologically broken. Towards him rushed the whole force of Alexander Nevsky with peaks at the ready. The battle on Lake Peipus was short. However, the consequences of this collision were simply terrifying.

You can't win by standing in one place

There is an opinion that the Russian army was waiting for the Germans without leaving the spot. However, it should be understood that the strike will be stopped only in the event of a retaliatory strike. And if the infantry under the leadership of Alexander Nevsky did not move towards the enemy, then it would simply be swept away. In addition, it must be understood that those troops that passively expect an enemy strike always lose. This is clearly demonstrated by history. Therefore, the battle on the ice of 1242 would have been lost by Alexander if he had not taken retaliatory actions, but had been waiting for the enemy, standing still.

The first infantry banners that collided with the German troops were able to extinguish the inertia of the enemy wedge. The impact force was used up. It should be noted that the first onslaught was partially repaid by the archers. However, the main blow still fell on the front line of the Russian troops.

Fight with superior forces

It was from this moment that the ice battle of 1242 began. The trumpets sang, and the infantry of Alexander Nevsky simply rushed onto the ice of the lake, raising their banners high. With one blow delivered to the flank, the soldiers were able to cut off the head of the wedge from the main part of the enemy troops.

The attack took place in several directions. A large regiment was supposed to deliver the main blow. It was he who attacked the enemy wedge in the forehead. Cavalry squads made a blow to the flanks of the German troops. The warriors were able to create a gap in the enemy forces. There were also cavalry units. They were assigned the role of striking at the Chud. And despite the stubborn resistance of the encircled knights, they were broken. It should also be taken into account that some of the monsters, once surrounded, rushed to run away, only noticing that they were being attacked by cavalry. And, most likely, it was at that moment that they realized that it was not the usual militia that was fighting against them, but professional squads. This factor did not add confidence in their abilities to them. The battle on the ice, the pictures of which you can see in this review, also took place due to the fact that the soldiers of the Bishop of Dorpat ran from the battlefield after the miracle, who, most likely, did not enter the battle.

Die or Surrender!

The enemy soldiers, who were surrounded on all sides by superior forces, did not wait for help. They didn't even have a chance to change. Therefore, they had no choice but to surrender or perish. However, someone still managed to break through the encirclement. But best forces The crusaders were surrounded. The bulk of the Russian soldiers killed. Some of the knights were taken prisoner.

The history of the Battle of the Ice claims that while the main Russian regiment remained to finish off the crusaders, other soldiers rushed to pursue those who retreated in panic. Some of the fugitives hit the thin ice. It happened on the Warm Lake. The ice could not stand it and broke. Therefore, many knights simply drowned. Based on this, we can say that the place of the Battle of the Ice was chosen well for the Russian army.

Battle duration

The First Novgorod Chronicle says that about 50 Germans were taken prisoner. About 400 people were killed on the battlefield. The death and capture of such a large number of professional soldiers by European standards turned out to be a rather heavy defeat, which borders on disaster. Russian troops also suffered losses. However, compared to the losses of the enemy, they were not so heavy. The whole battle with the head of the wedge took no more than an hour. Time was still spent chasing the fleeing warriors and returning to their original position. This took another 4 hours. The battle on the ice on Lake Peipsi was completed by 5 o'clock, when it was already getting dark. Alexander Nevsky, after dark, decided not to organize a persecution. Most likely, this is due to the fact that the results of the battle exceeded all expectations. And there was no desire to risk their warriors in this situation.

The main goals of Prince Nevsky

1242, the Battle of the Ice brought confusion to the ranks of the Germans and their allies. After a devastating battle, the enemy expected Alexander Nevsky to approach the walls of Riga. In this regard, they even decided to send ambassadors to Denmark, who were supposed to beg for help. But Alexander, after the battle won, returned to Pskov. In this war, he sought only to return the Novgorod lands and to strengthen power in Pskov. This is exactly what was successfully carried out by the prince. And already in the summer, ambassadors of the order arrived in Novgorod with the aim of concluding peace. They were simply stunned by the Battle of the Ice. The year when the order began to pray for help is the same - 1242. It happened in the summer.

The movement of the western invaders was stopped

The peace treaty was concluded on the terms dictated by Alexander Nevsky. The ambassadors of the order solemnly renounced all those encroachments on Russian lands that occurred on their part. In addition, they returned all the territories that were captured. Thus, the movement of Western invaders towards Rus' was completed.

Alexander Nevsky, for whom the Battle on the Ice became a determining factor in his reign, was able to return the lands. The western frontiers that he established after the battle with the order were held for more than one century. The battle on Lake Peipus went down in history as a remarkable example of military tactics. There are many determining factors in the success of the Russian troops. This is the skillful construction of the battle formation, and the successful organization of the interaction of each individual unit with each other, and clear actions on the part of intelligence. Alexander Nevsky took into account and weak sides enemy, could do right choice in favor of a place to fight. He correctly calculated the time for the battle, well organized the pursuit and destruction of superior enemy forces. The battle on the ice showed everyone that Russian military art should be considered advanced.

The most controversial issue in the history of the battle

Losses of the parties in the battle - this topic is quite controversial in a conversation about the Battle of the Ice. The lake, together with Russian soldiers, took the lives of approximately 530 Germans. About 50 more soldiers of the order were taken prisoner. This is said in many Russian chronicles. It should be noted that those figures that are indicated in the "Rhymed Chronicle" are controversial. The Novgorod First Chronicle indicates that about 400 Germans died in the battle. 50 knights were captured. During the compilation of the chronicle, the Chud was not even taken into account, since, according to the chroniclers, they died simply in huge number. The Rhyming Chronicle says that only 20 knights died, and only 6 warriors were captured. Naturally, 400 Germans could fall in the battle, of which only 20 knights could be considered real. The same can be said about the captured soldiers. The chronicle "The Life of Alexander Nevsky" says that in order to humiliate the captured knights, their boots were taken away. Thus, they walked barefoot on the ice next to their horses.

The losses of the Russian troops are rather vague. All chronicles say that many brave warriors died. It follows from this that the losses on the part of the Novgorodians were heavy.

What was the significance of the Battle of Peipus Lake?

In order to determine the meaning of the battle, it is worth taking into account the point of view traditional in Russian historiography. Such victories of Alexander Nevsky, as the battle with the Swedes in 1240, with the Lithuanians in 1245 and the Battle of the Ice, are of great importance. It was the battle on Lake Peipus that helped to keep the pressure of quite serious enemies. At the same time, it should be understood that in those days in Rus' there were constant feuds between individual princes. Unity was not even to be thought of. In addition, constant attacks from the Mongol-Tatars affected.

However, the English explorer Fannel said that the significance of the battle on Lake Peipus was greatly exaggerated. According to him, Alexander did the same as many other defenders of Novgorod and Pskov in preserving the long and vulnerable borders from numerous invaders.

The memory of the battle will be preserved

What else can be said about the Battle of the Ice? A monument to this great battle was erected in 1993. It happened in Pskov on Mount Sokolikha. It is almost 100 kilometers away from the real battlefield. The monument is dedicated to the "Squads of Alexander Nevsky". Anyone can visit the mountain and see the monument.

In 1938 Sergei Eisenstein made a feature film, which it was decided to call "Alexander Nevsky". In this film, the Battle on the Ice is displayed. The film has become one of the most striking historical projects. It was thanks to him that it was possible to form an idea of ​​​​the battle in modern viewers. It contains almost minute details all the main points that are associated with the battles on Lake Peipsi are considered.

In 1992, a documentary film called "In memory of the past and in the name of the future" was filmed. In the same year, in the village of Kobylya, in a place as close as possible to the territory where the battle took place, a monument to Alexander Nevsky was erected. He was at the Church of the Archangel Michael. There is also a worship cross, which was cast in St. Petersburg. For this, funds from numerous patrons were used.

The scale of the battle is not so huge

In this review, we tried to consider the main events and facts that characterize the Battle of the Ice: on which lake the battle took place, how the battle took place, how the troops behaved, what factors became decisive in victory. We also looked at the main points related to losses. It should be noted that the battle of Chud, although it went down in history as one of the most grandiose battles, there were such wars that surpassed it. It was inferior in scale to the Battle of Saul, which took place in 1236. In addition, the battle of Rakovor in 1268 also turned out to be larger. There are some other battles that are not only not inferior to the battles on Lake Peipus, but also surpass them in grandiosity.

Conclusion

However, it was for Rus' that the Battle on the Ice became one of the most significant victories. And this has been confirmed by numerous historians. Despite the fact that many specialists, who are quite strongly attracted by history, perceive the Battle of the Ice from the position of a simple battle, and also try to downplay its results, it will remain in everyone's memory as one of the largest battles that ended for us in a complete and unconditional victory. We hope that this review has helped you understand the main points and nuances that accompanied the famous massacre.

In order to understand what sugar is made of in our country, it is worth referring to those regulatory documents that regulate its production. First of all, this is GOST No. 52678-2006, approved in 2006 (December 27). According to its provisions, various (including raw, powdered and refined sugar) are produced from sugar beets.

Sugar beet is a root crop that can be grown in the climatic conditions of Russia, unlike palm trees, sugar cane, certain varieties of sorghum and millet, from which sweet extractives are obtained in other parts of the world (Southeast Asia, China, Cuba, Japan) .

To find out what sugar is made of, you need to look at the production chain in general terms. this product. At the first stages, sugar beet roots (by the way, they are light, not red) are washed, weighed and chopped to a state of shavings. Then, in the diffuser, juice is extracted from the raw material with the help of hot water. It contains about 15% sucrose. The juice is separated from the so-called pulp, which is passed to livestock feed.

Many, thinking about what sugar is made of, do not even imagine how much additional components participates in this process. For example, the resulting beet juice is mixed with lime milk, then, after precipitation of impurities, carbon dioxide is passed through the solution for filtration (sometimes the mixture is filtered through

What sugar is made of looks like sugar syrup when refined. It is further evaporated, processed and filtered again. At this stage, the solution already contains about 60% sugar. After that, the raw material must be crystallized in vacuum apparatuses at a temperature of about 75 degrees Celsius. The resulting mixtures are passed through centrifuges to separate sucrose from molasses, resulting in crystalline sugar.

How is refined sugar made? Here, the drying and pressing method is usually used. sugar syrup, which is subsequently cut into cubes. A more complex and costly method allows the initial pouring of the syrup into molds into which refined sugar is added. The raw material dries in the molds, is removed and separated.

Today on the shelves you can find quite expensive brown sugar. Its color is due to the fact that the components of cane molasses are not completely separated from the raw sugar, which gives it an additional flavor and color. How is sugar made from cane? of this product is similar to the beet sugar cycle. But there are certain features. For example, the juice at the first stage is pressed using rollers, and the processing is distinguished by the use of a small amount of lime (up to 3% by weight of the beets and up to 0.07% by weight of the stems).

Which sugar is more useful, everyone decides for himself. Reed is exposed to less chemical attack, which, on the one hand, is good, but on the other hand, it can give undesirable impurities. In addition, brown sugar is considered more nutritious than white sugar.

Do you know how sugar is made?

Sugar is not a food, but a chemical pure form added to food to improve taste. This substance can be obtained different ways: from oil, gas, wood, etc. But the most cost-effective way to get sugar is the processing of beets and a special type of cane, which they called - sugar cane.

Do you know how sugar is actually made?

To get a white and pure refined sugar, it must be passed through a filter made of cow bones.

For the production of refined sugar, beef bone charcoal is used!

The bone char filter acts as a coarse filter and is very often used in the first step of the sugar refining process. In addition, this filter allows you to eliminate coloring substances; The most commonly used colorants are amino acids, organic acids, phenols (carbolic acids) and ash.

The only type of bone used in the bone filter is beef bones. Bone charcoal filters are the most efficient and economical whitening filters, so the manufacturing industry cane sugar these filters are the most commonly used. Companies use up their stocks of bone charcoal fairly quickly.

Sugar does not supply energy to the body. The fact is that the “burning” of sugar in the body is the most complicated process, in which, in addition to sugar and oxygen, dozens of other substances participate: vitamins, minerals, enzymes, etc. (until now it cannot be definitively asserted that all these substances are known to science). Without these substances, energy cannot be obtained from sugar in the body.

If we consume sugar in its pure form, then our body takes the missing substances from its organs (from teeth, from bones, from nerves, from skin, liver, etc.). It is clear that these organs begin to experience a lack of these nutrients(starvation) and after a while they start to falter.

In the production of sugar according to conventional technology, disinfectants are used: formalin, bleach, poisons of the amine group (vazin, ambisol, as well as combinations of the above substances), hydrogen peroxide and others.

"IN traditional technology juice is obtained by languishing for an hour and a half, and so that during this time the fungal mass does not grow, which can then clog centrifuges, chopped beets at this stage are flavored with formalin.

Sucrose product in Russia - colored, lives own life, not stored without preservatives. It doesn't even count in Europe. food product, because at our sugar factories, in addition to color, technogenic impurities are also left, including formalin. Hence dysbacteriosis and other consequences. But there is no other sugar in Russia, so they keep silent about it. And on a Japanese spectrograph, we see formalin residues in Russian sugar.”

In the production of sugar, other chemical substances: milk of lime, sulfur dioxide, etc. During the final bleaching of sugar (to remove impurities that give it yellow, specific taste and smell) chemistry is also used, for example, ion exchange resins.

If you still can’t give up sweetened drinks, then you can use the most natural ingredients: honey and stevia.

A few words about stevia. Stevia is the only sweetener that has a zero glycemic index and zero calorie- not to mention the benefits for the child. Stevia 300 times sweeter than sugar and if you find a brand that suits your taste, you won't be able to leave your home without it. A few drops of liquid stevia - and your drinks turn gold. Some factories make powdered stevia, which can replace sugar in recipes. There are also sugar and stevia blends that aim to replace sugar, but don't do it very well.

If you have already embarked on the path, be vigilant and try not to let small desires “help” you accumulate heavy karma. Om!

Several hundred different sugars are known in nature. Each green plant forms certain substances belonging to this group. During photosynthesis from carbon dioxide atmosphere and water obtained mainly from the soil, under the influence of solar energy, glucose is first formed, and then it is converted into other sugars. IN different parts light, some other products are also used, such as CORN MOLUSK, MAPLE SYRUP, HONEY, SORGIUM, PALMA, and MALT SUGAR.

Aztecs, used as sweeteners corn syrup- a very viscous, almost colorless liquid obtained directly from cornstarch. Did it ( sweet syrup) from corn in much the same way that sugar is made from cane today. Molasses is much inferior to refined sugar in terms of sweetness, however, it makes it possible to regulate the crystallization process in the manufacture of sweets and is much cheaper than sugar, therefore it is widely used in confectionery.

Honey different high content fructose and glucose, more expensive than sugar, and it is added to some products only in cases where it is required to give them a special taste. In the Bible, honey is mentioned quite often, and "sweet cane" only twice, from which we can conclude that it was honey that served as the main sweetener in biblical times; this, by the way, is also confirmed by historical evidence, according to which sugar cane began to be grown in the Middle East in the first centuries of our era.

CANADENS use MAPLE SYRUP INSTEAD OF SUGAR, which is valued primarily for its specific flavor. It contains 3 times more calcium than brown sugar, but there is no copper at all. But there is a very useful women's health magnesium.

IN CHINA - A sugary syrup is obtained from the stalks of corn sorghum.

INDIA is practically the only country where PALM SUGAR is produced on a commercial scale, but this country produces much more cane sugar.

In Japan, for over 2000 years they have been used as sweet additive MALT SUGAR PRODUCED FROM STARCH RICE OR MILLET. This substance (maltose) can also be obtained with the help of yeast from ordinary starch. It is much inferior to sucrose in sweetness, but is used in the manufacture bakery products And various kinds baby food. Prehistoric man satisfied his need for sugar through honey and fruits. Some flowers probably served the same purpose, the nectar of which contains a small amount of sucrose.

SUGAR FROM FLOWERS...

In India, more than 4,000 years ago, a kind of raw sugar was mined from the flowers of the Madhuca tree.

The Africans in the Cape Colony used the species Melianthus major for this, and the Boers in South Africa used Protea cynaroides.