A deadly substitute for ethyl alcohol 5. Can you drink ethyl alcohol: uses and possible consequences for the body

Cases of methanol poisoning, which is found in cheap antifreeze liquids sold on the roadsides, are on the rise. According to Rospotrebnadzor, more than 1.2 thousand acute methyl alcohol poisonings were registered last year, of which 880 were fatal. Even harmful fumes in an unventilated car can cause damage to health. The 360 ​​TV channel tells how to recognize a dangerous fake and what are the alternatives to purchased liquids.

Permitted Composition

Today, most winter automotive fluids are based on isopropyl alcohol, less often ethyl alcohol, since it is more expensive. It also contains propylene glycols and ethylene glycols. Well, and water, fragrances, dyes.

The use of ethanol in windshield wipers is hampered by licensing difficulties and high excises. The main productions of isopropyl alcohol in Russia are located in Orsk and Dzerzhinsk.

In search of cheapness and even greater benefits, unscrupulous manufacturers replace the permitted component with harmful, and sometimes deadly, methyl alcohol, or methanol. It is several times cheaper than ethyl and even isopropyl.

poisonous liquid

It is enough to inhale dangerous vapors of methanol, and headache, nausea, lacrimation and even vision problems are provided. Blindness is caused by only 5-10 grams of methyl alcohol that has entered the body. In addition to damage to the optic nerve and retina, it has a devastating effect on the nervous and vascular systems.

Methanol is especially dangerous when ingested. Because of it, hypoxia, renal failure and cerebral edema develop. Patients die in almost half of the cases. In the Moscow region this year, cases of fatal poisoning with “non-freezing” have already been recorded.

How to recognize a fake

To recognize a dangerous liquid, craftsmen advise two simple ways. First: use a lighter to heat the copper wire and lower it into the liquid. If you smell vinegar, then methyl alcohol is present.

Second: pour soda into the solution - methanol will dissolve it, and isopropyl alcohol will precipitate. If there is no soda at hand, it is enough to sniff the liquid: isopropyl has a characteristic pungent smell of acetone, and methanol does not smell of anything.

Judging by the label

Experts advise, first of all, to look at the price. A real non-freezing liquid cannot cost less than 150 rubles. Good, from a well-known manufacturer, and at all - 500 rubles. Ask the seller for product certificates, carefully examine the packaging: the label should be of more or less high quality, and the expiration date should not be printed, but stamped. In a word, no one sells such goods on the sidelines.

home laboratory

If you trust yourself more than any labels, you can do it yourself. You will need household alcohol-based glass cleaner and distilled water, which are mixed in a 1:2 ratio. Perfect for 20-25 degrees below zero.

This method guarantees you the safety of the liquid, because you yourself determine its composition, but does not provide tangible benefits. Consider for yourself: a good liquid with a volume of 500 milliliters costs around 100 rubles, for five liters of “non-freezing” you will need 1750 milliliters. Total - 350 rubles.

Approximately the same costs a certified product at a gas station. True, there is still a way to save: mix 70% ethyl alcohol and four liters of water. The price per liter is 150 rubles. It will take only 200 milliliters. You can fill it like that, but then you have to put up with the pungent smell of acetone. If you add fragrances in the form of washing powders or liquid soap, then the difference with purchased liquids is almost erased.

You can, of course, do it the old fashioned way: pour vodka or ordinary medical alcohol diluted with water, but this is not the cheapest option, given that a bottle of vodka costs 200 rubles. And there is always a risk of misunderstanding with the traffic police. It will not be so easy to explain that you inhaled the vapors of a home-made alcohol “anti-freeze” product.

There are two main "directions" in which alcohol leads the drinker to death. In some cases, death occurs from ethanol poisoning in the composition of alcoholic beverages (any, from beer to cognac), in other situations - as a result of the development of chronic diseases and hidden pathologies. These two reasons are dangerously interconnected: if ethyl alcohol does not poison instantly, its components provoke the development of diseases that end in the death of an alcoholic.

Among other causes of alcohol mortality: accidents and poisoning with low-quality drinks based on methyl alcohol (methanol).

Poisoning

From alcohol intoxication for a non-drinking man, young, healthy, weighing about 70 kg, death can occur if:

• the dose will be 750 ml of hard liquor or 1.2 liters of beer (300 ml of pure ethanol)
• alcohol will be drunk in less than 5 hours;
• drinking will take place without snacks.

A person who is not an alcoholic but who drinks regularly can become poisoned if:

• the dose will be more than 2 liters of high-grade drinks or 5 liters of beer (600 ml of pure ethanol);
• alcohol will be taken up to 5 hours.

With smaller portions, with a plentiful snack and a longer period of drinking, at first alcohol will be less dangerous - it will cost the drinker without consequences (a maximum morning hangover syndrome can be expected), however, each subsequent dose will cause irreparable harm to the body, provoke the processes of destruction of internal organs, leading gradually to death from alcohol.

Statistics say that death from alcohol intoxication occurs if the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood is at least 1.5-2 ppm. It happens like this:

1. With a sharp increase in alcohol in the blood, a failure occurs in the rhythm of the heart.
2. The heart beats irregularly, so it loses its ability to pump blood in a healthy way.
3. The lack of blood supply to the internal organs leads to sudden coronary death (cause of death of 15-20% of the Russian population).

If the dose of alcohol is even greater, extremely severe intoxication with a fatal outcome can be expected within a few minutes after drinking alcohol. In addition, in this case, the answer to the question of whether it is possible to die from a hangover becomes 100% positive. The measured poisoning of one's body leads to death every year up to 3% of the inhabitants of Russia.

Diseases

According to WHO statistics, every year in the world from alcohol intoxication and diseases of the internal organs provoked by it, 4% of the population, that is, approximately 2.5 million people, die annually. Among these cases:

• at least 21% of deaths from alcohol are due to various oncological diseases provoked by alcohol;
• more than 16% of people who drink die from liver disease (most often from cirrhosis);
• up to 14% of deaths are associated with cardiovascular diseases;
• 18% of deaths are associated with other chronic diseases and pathologies aggravated due to.

The list of organs that are affected by pathologies due to excessive alcohol consumption (from simple beer to "heavy" vodka) is very wide. Among them:

• liver;
• heart and cardiovascular system;
• pancreas;
• kidneys and urinary system;
• lungs.

The most common side effects of alcohol poisoning are:

• necrosis of pancreatic tissue;
• liver failure;
• alcoholic psychotic disorders;
• acute pancreatitis;
• arrhythmia;
• renal colic;
• asthma attacks of allergic, toxic or other origin;
• swelling of the heart and / or lungs;
• strokes and heart attacks.

The danger of alcohol intoxication is that the symptoms of illness, as manifestations of poisoning, often disguise themselves as symptoms of intoxication and a hangover, which is why the situation often gets out of control even before the drinking person and the people around him understand what is happening.

Accidents

Slightly less than 30% of deaths due to an accident - such is the statistics of alcohol mortality in the world according to WHO. This is the third part of the number of all deaths from drunkenness and a significant part of all accidents recorded annually in the world. There are many reasons why drunkards do not die of their own death:

• falling from rooftops and bridges;
• falling out of windows;
• getting under the wheels of vehicles (cars, trams, trains);
• gassing;
• hypothermia or overheating;
• improper handling of household appliances;
• death in fires;
• drowning.

If the dose of alcohol (even beer) was large enough, the drinker does not understand that the conditions around him have changed - altitude, temperature, obstacles. The reflexes of an alcoholic are blunted, so he can easily crash a car, fall from a height, or get into a fight in which he will not have a chance. Choking on one's own vomit, drowning in a puddle, burning from a cigarette butt dropped in alcohol intoxication, freezing on the threshold of one's own house - all these ridiculous accidents happen to a third of all drunkards.

Slightly less frequent, but still not too rare, are the suicides of alcoholics. Caused by the abuse of alcoholic beverages (especially if it is low-quality methanol-based alcohol or a mixture of, for example, vodka and beer), psychoses can provoke drinking people to take their own lives because of hopelessness or in rage, in protest against everyone around them.

Medications

Alcohol and drugs cannot be combined with each other. Alcoholic drinks (even a certain amount of beer) can either make drugs simply ineffective, or completely and in the most unpredictable way change their effect. For fatal poisoning, it is enough to mix alcohol with the means:

Avoiding alcoholic beverages while undergoing medication treatment can be vital. However, every year a certain number of drinkers forget this simple wisdom.

Surrogates

High cost, beautiful label and bottle are not always signs of quality alcohol. Often, even in reputable stores, there are samples of cognac, vodka or beer created on the basis of methyl alcohol (methanol). And this type of raw material is much more dangerous than ethanol, because:

• vision suffers from methanol;
• methyl alcohol is the cause of poisoning of internal organs and systems;
• methanol leads to alcohol intoxication much faster and with a much larger amount of damage;
• methyl alcohol (methanol) endangers life itself.

Methyl alcohol as a deadly replacement for ethyl alcohol is used in industry, methanol is prohibited in food production, since it is the strongest poison for the human body. Due to the fact that alcohol based on methyl alcohol (methanol) does not visually differ from real alcohol, dangerous drinks are sold with great efficiency, although mostly in the low market price segment.

Alcohol abuse is dangerous and leads to death. It doesn't matter what exactly it comes from - from an accident, an overdose or a disease. There is only one outcome, and this is what all beginning and established alcoholics should remember.

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Methyl, or wood alcohol (methanol) is a colorless volatile liquid, highly flammable, miscible with water, ether and ethyl alcohol in any ratio, poisonous. In industry, it is used in the synthesis of formalin, formaldehyde, isoprene, acetic acid.

In the gas industry, methanol prevents the formation of hydrates in gas pipelines. Methanol is an excellent solvent, it is part of the detergents for glasses and mirrors, winter windshield washer fluid - "anti-freeze", is added to motor fuel as an antifreeze, and also to increase the octane number, can be used as a fuel.

How to distinguish methyl alcohol from ethyl alcohol?

The danger to humans is that methyl alcohol is practically indistinguishable from ethyl alcohol in color, smell and taste. It is also, like the latter, highly flammable and burns in air with a blue flame. In everyday life, you can try to distinguish two alcohols in the presence of copper wire. Twisting it into a spiral, it is heated red-hot over a fire and lowered into the liquid under study. If we are dealing with methanol, then a sharp, characteristic smell of formaldehyde will definitely appear.

Lethal and toxic doses of methyl alcohol

The most frequent cases of methyl alcohol poisoning, often massive, were observed when using counterfeit alcohol, as well as when stealing from railway tanks and industrial warehouses. The situation is aggravated by the fact that it is almost impossible to distinguish between these two alcohols by organoleptic properties. Since the first symptoms of poisoning appear an hour later, after ingestion, a person often manages to take an amount of poisonous liquid several times greater than the lethal one.

A dose of 5-10 ml has a pronounced toxic effect, leads to irreversible blindness, and 30-40 ml leads to death. However, due to various reasons, the lethal dose can vary greatly. There are cases when, after taking 40 ml of 15% methyl alcohol, a fatal outcome occurred. At the same time, a case of survival after drinking 500 ml of pure methanol was recorded.

Symptoms of methyl alcohol poisoning

An hour later, sometimes later, after taking methyl alcohol, weakness, chills, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, and headache appear. On the part of the organ of vision - "fog", "film" or "flakes" before the eyes, photophobia. When a clinic of eye damage appears, in most cases blindness occurs, even if medical care is started at that moment.

There may be loose stools, the appearance of an admixture of blood in the vomit (hemorrhagic gastritis). In the future, the development of convulsions, a decrease in blood pressure, depression of consciousness, up to coma, is possible. Toxic effects are associated with the metabolic products of methanol - formaldehyde and formic acid. They cause edema and atrophy of the optic nerve, severe metabolic acidosis. Death can occur as a result of acute cardiovascular failure (pulmonary edema, exotoxic shock), acute renal failure, respiratory arrest.

Even with all the necessary emergency medical care, lethality from methyl alcohol poisoning reaches 20-30% or more, more than a quarter of the survivors become disabled of the first group due to complete blindness or a significant decrease in visual acuity.

First aid for methyl alcohol poisoning

The effectiveness of treatment largely depends on the timing of seeking help and the amount of poison taken. First aid in case of poisoning with methanol or a liquid containing it consists in inducing vomiting artificially and immediately taking an antidote. The antidote is what they were going to take initially, i.e. - ethanol. It is urgent to ingest about 100-150 ml of vodka or any other alcoholic beverage in an adequate dose. The liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase plays a key role in the metabolism of alcohols in the human body. The affinity of ethanol for this enzyme was found to be significantly higher. When ethyl alcohol is absorbed, alcohol dehydrogenase switches to it and "forgets" about the methanol circulating in the blood. Due to this, the formation of formaldehyde and formic acid is blocked, methanol is gradually excreted from the body unchanged by the kidneys.

H It is necessary to distinguish between banal alcohol intoxication that occurs when high individual doses of alcohol are consumed. Additional intake of ethyl alcohol in this case will only worsen the condition. Actual methanol poisoning occurs much earlier and is accompanied by visual impairment and a rapid increase in life-threatening symptoms. After taking the antidote, you should immediately seek medical help.

In the toxicological department of a hospital or the general resuscitation department, intensive therapy is carried out aimed at eliminating metabolic acidosis, correcting electrolyte disturbances, and maintaining vital functions. Methanol poisoning is an indication for hemodialysis.

There are two main "directions" in which alcohol leads the drinker to death. In some cases, death occurs from ethanol poisoning in the composition of alcoholic beverages (any, from beer to cognac), in other situations - as a result of the development of chronic diseases and hidden pathologies. These two reasons are dangerously interconnected: if ethyl alcohol does not poison instantly, its components provoke the development of diseases that end in the death of an alcoholic.

Among other causes of alcohol mortality: accidents and poisoning with low-quality drinks based on methyl alcohol (methanol).

Read also

Read also

Poisoning

From alcohol intoxication for a non-drinking man, young, healthy, weighing about 70 kg, death can occur if:

• the dose will be 750 ml of hard liquor or 1.2 liters of beer (300 ml of pure ethanol)
• alcohol will be drunk in less than 5 hours;
• drinking will take place without snacks.

A person who is not an alcoholic but who drinks regularly can become poisoned if:

Our regular reader shared an effective method that saved her husband from ALCOHOLISM. It seemed that nothing would help, there were several codings, treatment at the dispensary, nothing helped. An effective method recommended by Elena Malysheva helped. ACTIVE METHOD

• the dose will be more than 2 liters of high-grade drinks or 5 liters of beer (600 ml of pure ethanol);
• alcohol will be taken up to 5 hours.

With smaller portions, with a plentiful snack and a longer period of drinking, at first alcohol will be less dangerous - it will cost the drinker without consequences (a maximum morning hangover syndrome can be expected), however, each subsequent dose will cause irreparable harm to the body, provoke the processes of destruction of internal organs, leading gradually to death from alcohol.

Statistics say that death from alcohol intoxication occurs if the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood is at least 1.5-2 ppm. It happens like this:

1. With a sharp increase in alcohol in the blood, a failure occurs in the rhythm of the heart.
2. The heart beats irregularly, so it loses its ability to pump blood in a healthy way.
3. The lack of blood supply to the internal organs leads to sudden coronary death (cause of death of 15-20% of the Russian population).

If the dose of alcohol is even greater, extremely severe intoxication with a fatal outcome can be expected within a few minutes after drinking alcohol. In addition, in this case, the answer to the question of whether it is possible to die from a hangover becomes 100% positive. The measured poisoning of one's body leads to death every year up to 3% of the inhabitants of Russia.

Diseases

According to WHO statistics, every year in the world from alcohol intoxication and diseases of the internal organs provoked by it, 4% of the population, that is, approximately 2.5 million people, die annually. Among these cases:

• at least 21% of deaths from alcohol are due to various oncological diseases provoked by alcohol;
• more than 16% of people who drink die from liver disease (most often from cirrhosis);
• up to 14% of deaths are associated with cardiovascular diseases;
• 18% of deaths are associated with other chronic diseases and pathologies exacerbated by alcohol poisoning.

The list of organs that are affected by pathologies due to excessive alcohol consumption (from simple beer to "heavy" vodka) is very wide. Among them:

• liver;
• heart and cardiovascular system;
• pancreas;
• kidneys and urinary system;
• lungs.

The most common side effects of alcohol poisoning are:

• necrosis of pancreatic tissue;
• liver failure;
• alcoholic psychotic disorders;
• acute pancreatitis;
• arrhythmia;
• renal colic;
• asthma attacks of allergic, toxic or other origin;
• swelling of the heart and / or lungs;
• strokes and heart attacks.

The danger of alcohol intoxication is that the symptoms of illness, as manifestations of poisoning, often disguise themselves as symptoms of intoxication and a hangover, which is why the situation often gets out of control even before the drinking person and the people around him understand what is happening.

Accidents

Slightly less than 30% of deaths due to an accident - such is the statistics of alcohol mortality in the world according to WHO. This is the third part of the number of all deaths from drunkenness and a significant part of all accidents recorded annually in the world. There are many reasons why drunkards do not die of their own death:

• falling from rooftops and bridges;
• falling out of windows;
• getting under the wheels of vehicles (cars, trams, trains);
• gassing;
• hypothermia or overheating;
• improper handling of household appliances;
• death in fires;
• drowning.

If the dose of alcohol (even beer) was large enough, the drinker does not understand that the conditions around him have changed - altitude, temperature, obstacles. The reflexes of an alcoholic are blunted, so he can easily crash a car, fall from a height, or get into a fight in which he will not have a chance. Choking on one's own vomit, drowning in a puddle, burning from a cigarette butt dropped in alcohol intoxication, freezing on the threshold of one's own house - all these ridiculous accidents happen to a third of all drunkards.

Slightly less frequent, but still not too rare, are the suicides of alcoholics. Caused by the abuse of alcoholic beverages (especially if it is low-quality methanol-based alcohol or a mixture of, for example, vodka and beer), psychoses can provoke drinking people to take their own lives because of hopelessness or in rage, in protest against everyone around them.

Medications

Alcohol and drugs cannot be combined with each other. Alcoholic drinks (even a certain amount of beer) can either make drugs simply ineffective, or completely and in the most unpredictable way change their effect. For fatal poisoning, it is enough to mix alcohol with the means:

• sleeping pills (the effect can lead to both drowsiness and coma, and death);
• antipyretic (provoked by ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract);
• cardiovascular (increases the likelihood of vascular insufficiency);
• diuretic (stimulates the development of heart failure and pancreatitis);
• antibiotics (destructive - toxic - effect on the body increases);
• analgesics (increased tachycardia).

Avoiding alcoholic beverages while undergoing medication treatment can be vital. However, every year a certain number of drinkers forget this simple wisdom.

Surrogates

High cost, beautiful label and bottle are not always signs of quality alcohol. Often, even in reputable stores, there are samples of cognac, vodka or beer created on the basis of methyl alcohol (methanol). And this type of raw material is much more dangerous than ethanol, because:

• vision suffers from methanol;
• methyl alcohol is the cause of poisoning of internal organs and systems;
• methanol leads to alcohol intoxication much faster and with a much larger amount of damage;
• methyl alcohol (methanol) endangers life itself.

Methyl alcohol as a deadly replacement for ethyl alcohol is used in industry, methanol is prohibited in food production, since it is the strongest poison for the human body. Due to the fact that alcohol based on methyl alcohol (methanol) does not visually differ from real alcohol, dangerous drinks are sold with great efficiency, although mostly in the low market price segment.

Alcohol abuse is dangerous and leads to death. It doesn't matter what exactly it comes from - from an accident, an overdose or a disease. There is only one outcome, and this is what all beginning and established alcoholics should remember.

bibliographic description:
The degree of alcohol intoxication - 2012.

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The degree of alcohol intoxication - 2012.

wiki:
— 2012.

In the work of a forensic medical expert, the question of the lethal concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood is important. With the introduction of modern methods for determining the level of ethanol, which are quite accurate and specific, a unified scheme for assessing the quantitative content of alcohol in the blood is needed in relation to its functional effect.

For practical expert work, in accordance with the proposals by V.I. Prozorovsky, I.S. Karandaev and A.F. Rubtsov (1967) criteria, the following indicative scheme can be recommended for determining the degree of intoxication:

Degrees of Intoxication (1967)

• less than 0.3 ‰ - no influence of alcohol;
• from 0.3 to 0.5 ‰ - insignificant influence of alcohol;
• from 0.5 to 1.5 ‰ - slight intoxication;
• from 1.5 to 2.5 ‰ - moderate intoxication;
• from 2.5 to 3.0 ‰ - severe intoxication;
• from 3.0 to 5.0 ‰ - severe alcohol poisoning, death may occur;
• from 5.0 to 6.0 ‰ - fatal poisoning.

These figures apply to adults. In children, alcohol intoxication and ethanol poisoning occur at other levels of alcoholemia.

The above criteria are proposed for determining the degree of alcohol intoxication in living persons, but they can also be used in assessing the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood from a corpse. The evaluation of such results should be carried out with the appropriate wording, for example: "... the concentration of ethyl alcohol found in the blood of the corpse of a citizen ... during his lifetime could correspond ... to the degree of alcohol intoxication."

Degrees of alcohol intoxication (2016)

The depth of intoxication, the speed of its development depends on the amount of alcohol consumed, their strength and individual characteristics of a person. There are 3 degrees of intoxication:

• light - the concentration of alcohol in the blood up to 2‰, which corresponds to 0.5-1.5 ml of pure ethanol per 1 kg of human body weight;
• medium - 2-3‰ of alcohol is detected in the blood, i.e. ethanol was taken 1.5-2.5 ml per 1 kg of body mass;
• severe - occurs when the concentration of ethanol in the blood is 3-5‰ or more, which corresponds to 2.5-4.5 ml of alcohol per 1 kg of weight. With a severe degree of intoxication, a coma develops, which can be the direct cause of death along with asphyxia due to deep aspiration of vomit, acute heart failure.

Literature data and expert experience allow us to consider average lethal alcohol concentration 3.5-4.0‰, and a concentration of 5.0‰ and above is usually fatal.

However, quite often there are cases when death from ethyl alcohol poisoning occurs when its amount in the blood is less than 4.0-5.0‰ and in the absence of pronounced painful changes in the internal organs, which in themselves could cause death. In this regard, it should be noted that death from acute ethyl alcohol poisoning can occur at any stage of alcohol intoxication: during absorption, at the time of maximum blood alcohol content, but much more often during its excretion (elimination phase). In the latter case, a relatively long period of time (10-20 hours) passes from the intake of alcoholic beverages to the onset of death, therefore, by the time of death, the concentration of alcohol in the body may be lower than 4.0-5.0‰. This is more often observed in young people who are unaccustomed to alcohol. In females, fatal alcohol poisoning can occur at lower concentrations of ethyl alcohol in the blood than in men. In addition, a subtoxic dose for a healthy, habitual person can be fatal for an unaccustomed person. Lethal concentrations of alcohol in the blood for people accustomed to alcohol, as a rule, are 30-60% higher than for unusual or unaccustomed people. However, in chronic alcoholics, death can also occur from taking relatively small amounts of ethyl alcohol.

In people unaccustomed to alcohol, with a single intake of large quantities of alcoholic beverages or alcohol of high concentration, death often occurs in the resorption phase or at the beginning of the elimination phase.

To calculate the degree of intoxication, the maximum concentration of alcohol in the blood in ppm, the time it takes to remove alcohol from the body, we recommend using the alcohol calculator we wrote.

Literature

1. Questions of the organization of examination of alcohol intoxication / Prozorovsky V.I., Karandaev I.S., Rubtsov A.F. // Forensic-medical examination. - 1967. - No. 1. - S. 3-8.
2. Supplement to the methodical letter "On the detection and determination of ethyl alcohol and blood and urine by gas-liquid chromatography", M., 1971.
3. Methodical letter "On the detection and determination of ethyl alcohol in cadaveric material and forensic evaluation of the results of forensic chemical analysis", M., 1961
4. Methodical letter "On the determination of ethyl alcohol and blood and urine of corpses by the photometric method", M., 1964
5. Methodical letter "On defects in the production of forensic chemical examinations", M., 1966
6. To the question of the functional assessment of the results of forensic quantitative determination of alcohol in the blood of living persons and corpses / Prozorovsky V.I., Acherkan N.N., Levchenkov B.D. // Forensic-medical examination. - M., 1961. - No. 1. - S. 3-7.
7. Formulation of a pathoanatomical diagnosis in alcoholic disease (alcohol-induced pathology). Clinical guidelines / Frank G. A. et al. / Russian Society of Pathologists. - M.: Practical medicine, 2016. - 20 p.

/ Plis S.S. // Selected issues of forensic medical examination. - Khabarovsk, 2018. - No. 17. — S. 185-187.

/ Nedugov G.V., Sharafullin G.V. // Bulletin of forensic medicine. - Novosibirsk, 2018. - No. 3. - S. 39-43.

/ Klevno V.A., Maksimov A.V., Kononov R.V., Krupina N.A. // Forensic Medicine. - 2017. - No. 3. — P. 4-12.

/ Prozorovsky V.I., Karandaev I.S., Rubtsov A.F. // Forensic-medical examination. - M., 1967. - No. 1. — P. 3-8.

/ Obukhova L.M., Erlykina E.I., Andriyanova N.A. // Forensic-medical examination. - M., 2014. - No. 6. - S. 33-36.

/ Ivanov N.A., Schneider N.M. // Forensic-medical examination. - M., 1962. - No. 2. - S. 41-42.

/ Pavlov A.L. — 2014.

/ Pavlova A.Z., Larev Z.V., Kalyokin R.A., Orlova A.M. // Selected issues of forensic medical examination. - Khabarovsk, 2018. - No. 17. — S. 235-237.

/ Bogomolov D.V., Denisova O.P., Zbrueva Yu.V., Dzhuvalyakov P.G. // Selected issues of forensic medical examination. - Khabarovsk, 2018. - No. 17. - S. 50-53.

/ Konev V.P., Goloshubina V.V., Moskovsky S.N., Bogza M.V., Sorokina V.V., Abubakirova D.E. // Bulletin of forensic medicine. - Novosibirsk, 2017. - No. 3. - S. 47-50.

/ Ulanov V.S. // Forensic-medical examination. - M., 2017. - No. 4. — S. 12-13.