Useful chewing gum titles. What are the harmful components of chewing gum for human health? Chemical components of chewing gum
Millions are spent annually on advertising companies for chewing gum. Each manufacturer tries to present its products in the most noble way, without any concern for the consequences for the end consumer. Is it true that such a popular remedy for healthy teeth and a snow-white smile actually adversely affects our health? What is the harm of chewing gum, how to protect yourself without giving up the usual "delicacy".
Composition of chewing gum
The chewing gum is based on rubber - a complex of polymeric compounds that do not split in the oral cavity under the influence of saliva. In fact, we are chewing on an elastic piece of plastic, well seasoned with all sorts of flavors. In order for chewing gum to have a taste and aroma, preservatives, flavorings and sugar or its substitutes are used. Each of these ingredients negatively affects the body in its own way, causing various health problems:
- Sugar creates a favorable environment in the oral cavity for the reproduction of pathogenic microflora that affects tooth enamel.
- Sorbitol and xylitol are used as substitutes for the sweet base. These ingredients can cause stomach pain, bloating and diarrhea.
- At the heart of flavorings, substances that corrode the delicate mucous membrane are most often used. This leads to the appearance of ulcers in the oral cavity.
- Special oils are added to chewing gums, from which large bubbles are inflated. When it comes into contact with the skin in the mouth, they provoke the development of perioral dermatitis.
- E140 and E321 (dyes and antioxidants) often cause allergic skin reactions. The most common of these is hives.
Some manufacturers use licorice extract in their chewing gums. With regular intake, it can increase blood pressure and reduce the concentration of potassium in the blood.
This is not the whole list of dangerous ingredients used in the production of chewing gums. And how harmful chewing gum will depend on the periodic table, stuffed into the popular delicacy.
Why chewing gum is harmful: 10 basic facts
Information about the benefits of chewing gum is extremely unreliable, and the results of medical research in the frame are nothing more than a marketing ploy. And if you often chew gum, no dentist will save your teeth. And the problems of the oral cavity are not the only thing that can threaten lovers for a long time to process a piece of fragrant polymer.
The chemical composition of chewing gum, its effect on the human body
Serpukhov,
school №2, grade 11
Scientific adviser: Belousova Marina Aleksandrovna,
chemistry teacher of school №2
Serpukhov,
Introduction.
1. Theoretical part.
1.1. History of chewing gum.
1.2. The chemical composition of chewing gum.
1.3. The effect of chewing gum on the human body.
2.Practical part.
2.1. Determination of polyhydric alcohols.
2.2. Properties of gum base.
2.3. Detection of the phenylalanine residue in aspartame.
2.4. Properties of menthol (solubility in alcohols).
2.5. Properties of dyes included in chewing gum (E-133).
Conclusion.
1) On the theoretical part.
2) On the practical side.
Used Books.
Glossary of terms.
Introduction.
The question of the benefits and proper use of chewing gum remains open. The population does not have a real understanding of the rules for their use, the real benefits of their use and, which is very important, the possible negative consequences of their use.
The development of chemistry, the emergence of new technologies, new knowledge about oral hygiene and the acid-base processes occurring in it, prompted chewing gum manufacturers to look for more and more new forms, ingredients, proportions and compositions.
Research shows that chewing gum is good for both oral hygiene and gum health. It is today that there is a tendency to use chewing gum as a universal protective agent.
Relevance: Sociological studies have shown that every third Russian has tried chewing gum at least once in his life. Many people have a destructive passion for her. Consumers of chewing gum do not think about whether it is safe to chew at all. Currently, scientists are divided, identifying the pros and cons of chewing gum. Advertising attributes miraculous properties to chewing gum: improving tooth enamel, restoring acid-base balance, and so on. And competent therapists, on the contrary, warn against the thoughtless use of chewing gum. Psychologists state: the ever-chewing one has a painful addiction and a declining level of intelligence
Subject of this study is the chemical composition of chewing gum.
^ Purpose: to prove the detrimental effect of chewing gum on the human body.
This goal defines the following range of tasks:
To study the history of human chewing gum use.
To study at a theoretical level the effect of the chemical composition of chewing gum on the human body.
Prove empirically the presence in chewing gum of such substances as: phenylalanine, xylitol, mannitol, menthol, dye (E-133 - brilliant blue).
1.Theoretical part.
1.1. The history of chewing gum.
It is known from the history of mankind that people have always chewed something. Swedish archaeologists have found a piece of chewing gum with teeth marks that is at least 10,000 years old. It is known that the ancient Greeks "freshened their breath" and "cleaned their teeth" with the help of tree resin. They chewed the resin of the mastic tree, which grows in Turkey and Greece, and named their chewing gum mastic. Mastic rubber is still used in the Middle East and Greece. Eskimos chewed leather, Stone Age people chewed clay and grass. The ancient Germanic tribes used wool soaked in honey as chewing gum, the British used oil tree sap, ancient chewing gum was also prepared from pine resin and beeswax.
The Indians chewed the hardened sap of the trees. Over 1000 years ago in Central America, the Maya chewed "chicle", which is the sap of the sapodilla tree. Years later, this same juice formed the basis for the creation of the chewing gum industry (Chickle - 1) chicle, rubber, 2) chewing gum). On the South American continent, the Indians chewed the juice of coniferous trees. The white settlers learned this habit and began to collect the stagnant juice for chewing. They made their own domestically produced chewing gum from pine resin and beeswax.
After the discovery of America by Columbus, along with tobacco, the prototypes of modern chewing gums also came to Europe. However, Europeans could not appreciate all the advantages of constant chewing.
But the first commercial chewing gum was made in 1848 by John B. Curtis and his brother in Maine. Like many new products, sales were very small at first. In those days, one penny could buy two chewing gums. Having achieved some success in their activities, they moved from Bangor, Maine to Portland, Maine in 1850 and began to add paraffin to their products. Some of these paraffin flavors were "White Mountain", "Biggest and Best", "Four in One", "Sugar Cream" and "Lucorice Lulu". Production gradually expanded, and soon the chewing gum staff numbered 200 employees, but these chewing gums were losing their popularity, partly due to impurities (contaminants) that were difficult to remove from the resin.
The first patent for the production of chewing gum was received on December 28, 1869 by the American William Finley Semple. In the patent (number 98.304) it was written: "the combination of rubber with other components in any proportion to create an acceptable chewing gum." However, in the end, Semple himself did not produce anything chewable.
Probably, children and adults would have remained without the rubber plates and pads that are familiar today, if it were not for ... the ex-president of Mexico, General Antonio Lopez Santa Anna, who was very fond of chewing rubber. The photographer and part-time inventor Thomas Adams from New York State drew attention to such a strange feature of the general. In his own kitchen, Adams welded a small piece of rubber - the prototype of the modern "gum". He put a trial batch of his new product in several local stores to see if people would buy it. People liked his gum, and soon his business became very successful. A little later, he added licorice flavor to the gum. This is how the first flavored chewing gum called Black Jack appeared, chewing gum changed its shape and turned into an oblong stick from shapeless pieces. (Black Jack was produced until the 70s of the XX century, until it was discontinued due to low sales).
But in 1986, Black Jack received a rebirth, along with clove-flavored gum, when Warner Lambert (Adams' successor) launched the Nostalgia Gums program. In 1871, Adams patented a gum-making machine.
John Colgan, an apothecary in Louisville, Kentucky, is generally credited with improving flavored gum. In 1880, he added flavor to the sugar before the sugar was added to the gum mass. This contributed to the fact that the aroma and taste of the chewing gum remained for a long time.
Adams continued to have success with Tutti-Frutti gum. It was the first chewing gum sold from vending machines. For the first time these machines were delivered in New York in 1888 on the platform of El station.
Speaking about the history of chewing gum, one cannot but mention the emergence of the Wrigley company, which became a significant figure in the market at the end of the 19th century. The young William Wrigley was involved in the family business from a young age. William Wrigley - his father was engaged in the production of soap, and his father's son was a sales agent. The legendary history of this transnational corporation dates back to 1891, when William Wrigley moved from Philadelphia to Chicago and opened his own business there. He began by retailing his father's soap. To attract buyers, he introduced bonuses - little things that the buyer receives for free. One of the awards was chewing gum - at that time there were at least a dozen companies in the United States that produced it. A highly successful soap salesman noticed that customers came to his store not so much for the soap as for the two sticks of chewing gum that came with the purchase. So from a seller of soap, Wrigley quickly retrained into a manufacturer of the famous chewing gums Lotta and Vassar. (From 1892, he began selling his own chewing gum under the trademark "Wrigley". The first varieties of it did not reach our days, but already in 1983 Juicy Fruit and Wrigley`s Spearmint appeared.)
At the dawn of the twentieth century, a large number of chewing gum manufacturers competed for the attention and veneration of consumers: Wrigley's Company sold chewing gum manufactured by the Zeno Company;
Beeman marketed pepsin chewing gum, which, believing in advertising, could relieve indigestion; Frank H. Flier's company sold candy-coated gum. Frank Canning designed and
Implemented the so-called. "Dental gum" - "Dentyne", i.e. protecting teeth.
A form of chewing gum was invented in 1906 by Frank H. Flier. But Blibber-Blubber gum was so sticky that it was inconvenient to sell it. Years later, in August 1928, Walter Diemer of Frank Flier's company came up with a successful formula. Diemer was not a chemist, doctor, or pharmacist, he was an accountant.
Diemer wanted to make his elastic more eye-catching, so he dyed it pink (because it was the only arm color in the company). In the future, various companies were engaged in the creation of chewing gum, but the shape of the chewing gum remained the same. 
Soon, sugar and various flavors were added to chewing gums. In 1939, the work of the American professor Hollingworth was born, in which it was convincingly proved that constant chewing relieves muscle tension and stress. Since then, chewing gum has become an indispensable component in the soldering of American soldiers.
^ 1.2. The chemical composition of chewing gum.
"Non-rubber" rubber.
The main component of chewing gum is the so-called gum base. However, this is not the kind of rubber used to make car tires or mouse pads. Ideally, the rubber base should be the sap of rubber trees, which, under the action of acid or digestion, turns into a soft, but rather elastic mass. However, enough trees have not yet grown to make it possible to use them in mass production. Therefore, synthetic rubber bases are used today. Chewing gum base - a substance that is not digested and intended only for chewing, is used in all types of chewing gum.
The gum base is not a nutrient. She is insoluble. Its composition is selected in such a way as to ensure the gradual release of flavors and sweeteners during chewing. For different types of chewing gum, a different composition of the base is selected, so that the product is soft or more elastic, so that bubbles can be blown out of it, etc. The rubber base has a special utility - it softens under the influence of temperature. That is why sticky chewing gum is easier to tear off by wetting the clothes with hot water or steaming it well.
As for children's chewing gums, according to the Testing Center for Polymer Shoes, Medical and Latex Products in Russia, it is believed that children's varieties, oddly enough, are dangerous to health. And this danger can be tasted - harmful chewing gum is tougher and quickly loses its taste, starting to taste bitter. It owes this taste to the styrene-butadiene rubber used as a rubber base. I usually use it in developing countries, but sometimes manufacturers in civilized countries also do not disdain them.
The Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance Service has banned the import of chewing gum with a harmful rubber base into Russia. Prior to the ban, virtually any gum with liners was stuffed with cheap styrene-butadiene rubber. What is the danger of styrene butadiene rubber in chewing gum? The fact is that in the body it can break down, forming styrene. The substance is very aggressive. Perioral dermatitis is much easier to get from styrene than from normal rubber. In addition, styrene irritates any mucous membranes and causes headaches, and can negatively affect the nervous system. It is quite obvious that such an appendage to the insert and candy wrapper is clearly superfluous.
In Russia, the presence of styrene-butadiene rubber in food products is not allowed. Due to the fact that the released styrene irritates any mucous membranes and causes a headache, and in addition, it can negatively affect the nervous system.
In order to draw conclusions about how harmful styrene butadiene rubber is, it can be said that the issuance of a hygiene certificate was denied to most chewing gums for children. Despite the refusal of certification, it can be found on sale.
Typically, the gum base of chewing gum is produced either by the same companies that supply the rubber, by individual companies that buy rubber and sell the gum mass, or by large companies that manufacture chewing gum. And to improve the chewing and mechanical properties, special additives are needed.
Emollients allow the elastic to retain elasticity for a long time. These are glycerin, as well as emulsifiers of natural origin: lecithin, gums (for example, gum arabic, the resin of some types of acacia). In addition, antioxidants are added to the gum. The content of antioxidants, according to the norms adopted by us, can be 750 mg/kg, but in practice it rarely reaches 200 mg/kg.
^ Food additives in chewing gum.
There are many food additives used everywhere in various branches of the food industry. These are dyes, flavors, emulsifiers, stabilizers and other necessary and unnecessary components.
The gum base makes up more than 20% of the total mass of chewing gum, but sugar is up to 60%. From a microbiological point of view, such a large amount of sugar makes chewing gum safe - bacteria do not live at such concentrations. But there are excess calories, metabolic disorders and dental diseases - which is facilitated by chewing gum, as, indeed, any candy. 
Other components of chewing gum are flavors, colors, aromatics - together they make up about 5%. A significant amount of these substances is kept secret, as well as the component composition of each taste and aroma. And, as a rule, more expensive chewing gums have a rich taste, aroma and contain more complex compositions of additives. For the consumer, of course, it is important that the gum retains its taste for a long time. Gum flavor fixatives are one of the biggest trade secrets, but it has been observed that the flavor of gum with sugar substitute lasts longer than gum with sugar.
The most famous of the chewing gum flavors is, of course, menthol (p-methane-3-ol). Menthol has four stereo isomers, each of which has (+), (-) and (+ -) forms. Stereoisomers differ from each other in smell and taste; (-) - menthol has a clean minty smell and a cooling taste to the greatest extent. It makes up 80% of peppermint essential oil. Methods for the synthetic production of menthol have been developed, and some of them are used in industry. But most of the menthol is obtained, apparently, still from the essential oil of peppermint. The oil is cooled and crystals are obtained by centrifugation
From the essential oils of cumin and dill, carvone is obtained - a substance with a caraway smell used in some varieties of chewing gum. It is rather difficult to list all flavors. Bubblegums usually contain fruit flavors: apple, orange, cherry, strawberry, melon, pineapple, lemon, lime, grapes. The main aromatic constituents of almost all fruits have now been isolated and characterized.
In order to make the taste and aroma of chewing gum sure to be reliable, it has to be tinted. After all, gray-white rubber cannot smell like strawberries! Chewing gum dyes must also be included in the international list of permitted and harmless substances. This list is constantly updated and rechecked. So, monoazonaphtalene, a naphthalene red dye, known under the trade name amaranth E-123, should be phased out: it has mutagenic activity. Other dyes used in chewing gum: Sunset yellow (monoazophenylnaphthalene), Ponceau red (same group as amaranth), tartrazine, copper salt of chlorophyll. In Spain, pink bubblegum is tinted with natural dyes from beetroot juice (this, of course, does not mean that the gum smells like borscht: beetroot dye has no smell). The snow-white color of the rubber comes from titanium dioxide.
^ 1.3. The effect of chewing gum on the human body.
From a commercial point of view, the creation of chewing gum was a strong move, people tend to chew something. Psychoanalysts will find something Freudian in this habit. Historians will confirm the passion for chewing with archaeological finds that go back to the Stone Age. In northern Europe, pieces of prehistoric resin with imprints of human teeth were found, which date back to the 7th-2nd millennium BC.
You can not thoughtlessly use chewing gum in the oral cavity, because. according to Pavlov's reflex laws, the reflex apparatus of the digestive system enters into the process: salivary glands secrete saliva due to the reflex entry of food into the stomach, more mucus is secreted in the stomach, more secretory components are produced by the pancreas, more bile accumulates in the gallbladder. And there is no food entering the gastrointestinal tract and never will be. Saliva cannot be neutralized by other parts of the secretory apparatus of the digestive system. And what if the modern secretory secretion into the gastrointestinal tract during food intake is gradually disrupted over time and there is no full effect of enzymes or active substances on it? And what if the body, tired of fighting, cannot cope with the neutralization of the produced components and this secret begins to process the adjacent tissues of the inner surface of the gastrointestinal tract? In this case, congestion may occur throughout the secretory apparatus, which will lead to the appearance of stones, their significant increase in size. Many competent general practitioners warn against thoughtless chewing gum, because. this can subsequently, in 10-15 years, lead to a whole epidemic of gastritis, duodenitis, cholecystitis and pathology of the salivary glands.
Chewing gum contains a sugar substitute - sorbitol. This substance belongs to the so-called alcohols or polyols, which are known not only for their sweetness, but also for their ability to have a laxative effect. Usually 30-40g is enough for this, but many need even less - ten grams. But it is quite obvious that this is not a chapel either, sensitivity to sweet polyhydric alcohols is very individual.
In Russia, you cannot find a single adult chewing gum with sugar - almost all gum is made on the basis of sweeteners. But children's chewing gum stuffed with "white death" is more than enough. Chewing gums with sugar create a solution of sugar and saliva in the cavity, in which children's teeth bathe for a long time. And in the works of dentists, it was shown that the more often and longer the tooth contacts with sugar, the greater the risk of developing caries.
Teeth's best friend, xylitol, is also a polyol. And it weakens no worse than its colleagues in the group of polyhydric alcohols. So all anti-caries sugar-free chewing gums - Wrigley, Dirol, Stimorol and others - can cause bear disease. The composition of these brands of gum is very close. For example, a set of sugar substitutes, they are provided with sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol (maltia syrup), mannitol, aspartame and acesulfame K. Only the last two sweeteners are not involved in the laxative effect. But all the rest are also included in the group of polyols and have all the ensuing consequences.
In order not to be unfounded, let's go to chewing gum with a calculator. We get how many polyols we can get from it. On the packaging of Dirol it is honestly written that 100 g of gum contains 64 g of polyols, and in Stimorol there are even more - 68. Thanks to the Stimorol company for this information, its competitor Wrigley is silent about the number of polyols. But there is no doubt that the amount of sweet alcohols in the products of competing companies does not differ significantly. 
The weight of one pack ranges from 13 to 15 g, therefore, the amount of laxative-sweet alcohols in it can be from 8.3 to 10.2 g. The conclusion is obvious. For many people with diarrhea, one pack will be enough. And given the advertising recommendations, you can use it a lot more. Two pads after each contact with food, and a day and a half - two packs will turn out. Chewing gum is not the optimal laxative. The fact is that polyols work as osmotic laxatives, they retain some of the water in the large intestine. And with such diarrhea, quite useful electrolytes can be lost. Therefore, if individual sensitivity to polyols is high, it is better to choose something other than sugar-free chewing gum to protect your teeth. Signs of such hypersensitivity are obvious, in addition to diarrhea, there may be spasms, flatulence, and other "vertigi". It is not always necessary to use such gum for irritable bowel syndrome, colitis and some other bowel diseases.
Microbes that are in the oral cavity in large numbers secrete acids that destroy teeth. Competent chewing gum, just like toothpaste, should neutralize the acid. To do this, carbamide is added to the gum. When buying chewing gum, you need to pay attention to the presence of sugar or sweeteners in it. If glucose is used as a sweetener, dysbacterial properties can be forgotten, since glucose is a treat for bacteria. At the same time, microbes are not capable of assimilating xylitol or sorbitol, which allows, as they say in advertising, "to maintain the acid-base balance."
Most chewing gums, instead of protecting teeth and gums, contain components that themselves are the cause of such diseases of the teeth, gums and oral cavity as caries, periodontal disease and various types of gingivitis. Chewing gums contain stabilizer E-422 - this is glycerin; antioxidant E-320 is butylhydrooxinazole; emulsifier E-322 - etolecithins and phosphatides. This list is alarming, because in certain proportions and concentrations, these substances have a pathological effect on the body. So, glycerol, when absorbed into the blood, has toxic properties, causing serious blood diseases, such as hemolysis, hemoglobininuria, and methemoglobin kidney infarcts. Butylhydrohydroxyanisole with frequent use increases the level of cholesterol in the blood. Lecithins accelerate salivation, which, in turn, leads to a gradual disruption of the digestive tract. Saliva components are depleted, the absence of which leads to diseases such as caries, periodontal disease, gingivitis, etc. From the same reference book, it can be seen that E-903 glaze is carnauba wax; acid E-330 is citric acid. Chemists say that urea is urea, well known to all agricultural workers, from which concentrated nitrogen fertilizer is made. Various urea compounds, when ingested, cause pulmonary edema and inhibition of motor activity. And long and uncontrolled use of citric acid can cause serious blood diseases.
If a person's mouth is constantly occupied with chewing gum, his speech, as a rule, is unintelligible and incomprehensible.
The constant presence of chewing gum in the mouth, according to neuropathologists, increases the tone of the masticatory muscles, which causes grinding of the teeth, and as a result of a bad night, serious problems.
Abuse of classic "sugar-free" chewing gum can lead to catastrophic weight loss and diarrhea, British doctors warn. The reason is sorbitol, a widely used sugar substitute found in chewing gum. It also appears to act as a laxative.
Representatives of the "ruminant industry" insist that sorbitol is a completely safe ingredient. It is used not only for the manufacture of chewing gum, but also for the production of sugar-free products, including diabetic ones. Sorbitol is also used as a laxative, but despite the appropriate warnings on chewing gum packages, people do not realize that the abuse of this product can cause serious health problems. In particular, stomach problems.
One 21-year-old patient suffered from diarrhea and stomach pain for eight months, and doctors couldn't figure out what was wrong until they discovered she was chewing too much gum. During these eight months, the girl lost 11 kilograms.
In the second case, the man lost 22 kilograms in a year, and it came to hospitalization. The reason is the same - chewing gum. Both patients in total consumed, as it turned out, from 20 to 30 grams of sorbitol daily. Each stick or pad of gum contains 1.25 g of sorbitol, respectively.
Dr. Jürgen Bauditz, a gastroenterologist, claims that a dose of sorbitol from 5 to 20 grams per day can cause minor troubles, such as bloating, but a dose of more than 20 grams daily is already guaranteed diarrhea and weight loss. The study showed that as soon as the patients completely stopped chewing gum, all symptoms disappeared, and they again began to gain the lost weight. A spokesman for Wrigley, which literally flooded both domestic and foreign markets with sugar-free chewing gum, claims that all components of this product are absolutely harmless, and there are warnings on the laxative properties of sorbitol on the packages; in addition: "Sorbitol is naturally found in many fruits and berries. For example, in pears, plums, dates, apricots, peaches, apples and cherries."
According to a Wrigley company representative, the natural content of sorbitol in all these fruits is confirmed by numerous studies almost twenty years ago. However, apparently, sorbitol in the form of fruits is still much safer than in the form of chewing gum.
And yet, nowadays you can hardly find a person who has never bought chewing gum. What does the label say?
No matter how difficult it is to make out the small inscriptions on the packages, read them.
^ With "-" sign.
1. Most often, chewing gum contains dyes - E171, E102, E133, E129, E132, taste stabilizers - E414, E422, emulsifier - E322, which harm the liver.
2. It is better to refrain from chewing gum with "natural identical flavors." Incomplete information on the label can already be classified as a sign of poor product quality.
3. Chewing gums made in third world countries use styrene butadiene rubber (it is forbidden to use it in food production in Russia). Such “chewing gum” can only be determined by tasting: it is usually more rigid, quickly loses its taste and begins to taste bitter.
^ 2. Practical part.
2.1. Experience number 1. Determination of polyhydric alcohols.
1)
2) 
2. Chewing gum extract.
1.Crushed chewing gum shell.
4. From left to right: copper (II) sulfate, copper (II) hydroxide, complex compounds of copper (II) cations with polyhydric alcohols
3. A solution of caustic soda and copper (II) sulfate.
^
2.2. Experience No. 2. Properties of the rubber base of the chewing gum.
1. From left to right: nitric acid, sulfuric acid, 96% ethyl alcohol.
2. From left to right: chewing gum in nitric acid, sulfuric acid, in ethyl alcohol.
^
2.3. Experience number 3. Detection of a phenylalanine residue in aspartame (E-951).
1. From left to right: electric stove, nitric acid, a glass of water, a test tube with a filtered alcohol solution.
2. Water bath.
^
2.4. Experience number 4. Properties of menthol (solubility in alcohols).
1. Water with an alcohol solution of chewing gum with menthol poured into it.
2. Solubility of menthol in alcohol.
^ 2.5. Experience number 5. Properties of dyes that make up chewing gum
(E-133).
1. In vitro: Colored chewing gum extract.
2.Heating gum extract.
3. Heated and filtered chewing gum extract in a test tube.
4. Test tubes from left to right: a test tube with alkali; test tube with heated chewing gum extract, test tube with acid.
Conclusion.
Thus, in order to achieve the set goal, namely, to prove the harmful effect of chewing gum on the human body, we carried out the following work: we studied the material on the history of the emergence of chewing gum, the chemical composition of chewing gum, the harmful effects on the human body of substances that make up chewing gum. gum, the presence of these substances in chewing gum has been empirically proven.
^ Conclusions on the theoretical part:
| Some of the ingredients in chewing gum | Influence of the substances which are a part of chewing gum. |
| Butylhydrohydroxyanisole | Raises blood cholesterol levels |
| Glycerol | Hemolysis, hemoglobinuria |
| Lecithins | Caries, periodontal disease, gingivitis |
| Urea | Pulmonary edema, inhibition of motor activity |
| Citric acid (E-330) | Serious blood diseases |
| Polyols (sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, maltitol) | Bear disease, diarrhea, colic, flatulence |
| Sucrose, glucose, fructose | Caries |
| Phenylalanine | Hormonal imbalance |
| Menthol, butylated hydroxytoluene | Allergic urticaria |
| Flavors from cinnamon | Ulcers in the mouth |
| Liquorice | Increase in blood pressure, decrease in the amount of potassium in the blood |
| Styrene butadiene rubber | Irritation of mucous membranes, headache, dysfunction of the nervous system |
| Monoazonaphtalene (Amaranth E-123) | Mutagenic activity |
| Brilliant Blue Dye (E-133) | Liver damage |
^ Conclusions on the practical part:
| № experience | Progress. | observation. Conclusion. |
| Experience number 1. |
| The appearance of a blue-violet color, indicating the formation of complex compounds of copper (II) cations with polyhydric alcohols that are part of the shell and base of chewing gum. |
| Experience number 2. | We divide the chewing gum left after chewing into five parts and place each part in a separate test tube. Pour into test tubes, respectively, 96% ethyl alcohol, concentrated sulfuric, nitric acid. | Butadiene and isoprene rubbers are unstable to the action of concentrated acids: they swell, soften, delaminate, but do not dissolve. In ethyl alcohol - swell. |
| Experience number 3. | We make an alcohol extract from chewing gum, filter it. Add concentrated nitric acid to the mixture. We heat the mixture in a water bath. | The sweetener aspartame (E-951) reacts with concentrated nitric acid to produce a characteristic yellow color. |
| Experience number 4. |
|
|
| Experience number 5. | We make an extract from colored chewing gum (brilliant blue dye E-133). We heat the test tube in the flame of an alcohol lamp. We pour the solution into two test tubes, add sulfuric acid solution to one of them, and caustic soda solution to the other. Then we heat the test tube into which the alkali solution was added. | We observe the formation of a red solution (in a test tube with acid). We observe the formation of a yellow-brown solution (in a test tube with alkali). |
^ Glossary of terms.
Allergic urticaria -This is the general name for a group of diseases that are characterized by the appearance on the skin of itchy red blisters that turn pale when pressed, clearly demarcated, rising above the surface of the skin, ranging in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters.
Hemolysis- destruction of red blood cells with the release of hemoglobin into the environment.
Hemoglobinuria- urinary excretion of free hemoglobin - due to intravascular hemolysis.
Gingivitis- This is an inflammation of the gums, accompanied by swelling, redness and bleeding.
^ bear disease - Diarrhea due to fear.
Flatulence- swelling, bloating as a result of excessive accumulation of gases in the digestive tract.
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Buldakov A.S. Food additives, Moscow, DeLi print, 1999
Bolotov V.M. Food colorings: classification, properties, analysis, application, "Giord, 2003
Donchenko L.V. "Food Safety", Moscow, DeLi print, 2007
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V.P. Isupov "Food additives and spices", Giord, 2000
Krupina T.S. "Food additives", Moscow, Sirin prema, 2006.
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Chewing gum is a culinary product that consists of an inedible elastic base and various flavoring and aromatic additives.
In the process of use, chewing gum practically does not decrease in volume, but all the fillers gradually dissolve, after which the base becomes tasteless and is usually thrown away. Many types of chewing gum can be blown into bubbles as a form of entertainment, giving it another name in English-speaking countries, Bubble Gum (that is, something like "bubble gum").
background
The prototypes of modern chewing gum can be found in any part of the world. It is known that even the ancient Greeks chewed the resin of the mastic tree to freshen their breath and clean their teeth from food debris. For this, beeswax was also used. The Mayan tribes used hardened hevea juice - rubber - as chewing gum. In the North of America, the Indians chewed the resin of coniferous trees, which they evaporated over a fire. In Siberia, the so-called Siberian tar was used, which not only brushed teeth, but also strengthened the gums, and also treated various diseases. In India and Southeast Asia, a mixture of pepper betel leaves, areca palm seeds and lime became the prototype of modern chewing gum (more details in article Bethel). This composition not only disinfected the oral cavity, but was also considered an aphrodisiac. In some Asian countries, it is still chewed. In Europe, the first prerequisites for the use of chewing gum appeared in the 16th century, when sailors brought tobacco from India. Gradually, the habit spread further to the United States. This went on for three hundred years, as all attempts to replace chewing tobacco with wax, paraffin, or other substances were unsuccessful. The world's first chewing gum factory was founded in Bangor, Maine, USA. Since then, the history of chewing gum has developed at a rapid pace. Until that time, the production of chewing gum was not an independent industry, and chewing gum itself was not a commercially distributed part of consumer goods. Thanks to the assembly line, chewing gum became a commodity, and the fashion for chewing gum spread from America to all over the world.
First experiences.
1848 John Curtis establishes industrial production of chewing gum. There are only four boilers in his factory. In one of the coniferous resins, impurities were evaporated, in the rest, a mass was prepared for products with the addition of light flavorings. The first chewing gums were called "White Mountain", "Sugar Cream" and "Lulu's Licorice".
1850s. Production is expanding. Curtis is now helped by his brother. Chewing gum is cut into cubes. The first paper wrapper appears. Chewing gum is sold for a cent for two. The brothers' Curtis Chewing Gum Company is building a new factory in Portland. More than 200 people are employed in production. The range of products is expanding. There are chewing gums "Four in Hand", "American Flag", "Pine Highway", "Yanke Pine", etc. 1860s. The Curtis brothers' products never made it outside of Maine. Unsightly appearance and poor cleaning (even pine needles came across in chewing gum) scared off buyers. The outbreak of the Civil War completely forced the curtailment of production. 1869 Renowned New York photographer Thomas Adams purchases a large shipment of rubber from Mexican General Antonio de Santa Anna. After unsuccessful experiments in vulcanization, in artisanal conditions, he produces chewing gum like the Mexican chicle. Chewing gum is wrapped in bright multicolored candy wrappers and sold in several stores.
Patented chewing gum
1870s. Thomas Adams builds a chewing gum factory. Sales rise to 100 thousand pieces per year. The first chewing gum flavored with licorice appears, which has its own name - Black Jack.
1871. Thomas Adams receives the first patent for a chewing gum machine. Adams' New York Gum sells for 5 cents each (a dollar a box). To many apothecaries, Adams is giving away the first batches free of charge on the condition that they display samples in their display cases. 1880s. William J. White, also known as P. T. Barnum (from the English barn - granary) creates Yucatan chewing gum by mixing rubber with cereal syrup and adding peppermint. John Colgan for the first time adds flavorings and sugar before combining it with rubber mass. This allows the finished chewing gum to retain its flavor and aroma much longer. The patent for this invention was subsequently purchased by William Wrigley, the founder of the Wrigley Company. Popularizing chewing gum among girls, entrepreneur Jonathan Primley creates the brand Kiss me! 1888 The Adams factory invents Tutti-Frutti, a fruit-flavoured chewing gum that becomes extremely popular in America.
1871. Apothecary John Colgan of Louisville, USA, mistakenly received 1,500 pounds (680.39 kg) of rubber instead of 100 pounds (45.36 kg) he ordered. He founded Colgan's Taffy Tolu Chewing Gum.
1888 The first chewing gum vending machines appeared. They belonged to the Adams Tutti-Frutti company and were located at train stations in New York.
A woman buys chewing gum on a Tokyo street.
1891 A new player enters the market - the Wrigley company, which manages to press the Adams factory in a short time. William Wrigley, a soap maker, notes that Americans prefer not his main product, but Lotta and Vassar chewing gums, which were offered "in the appendage". A resourceful entrepreneur quickly reorients production.
1893 At the Wrigley Factory
start producing mint
chewing gum
Spearmint and fruity
1899 Franklin W. Canning, a New York City drugstore manager, introduces for the first time a specialty chewing gum that advertises "prevents tooth decay and freshens breath." She gets the name Dentyne. Its distinguishing feature is its unique pink color.
American Chicle. Modern chewing gum
1914 The emergence of the brand Wrigley Doublemint
1919 William Wrigley Jr. achieved astronomical growth of his business in an unconventional way - he sent a piece of gum to all Americans whose addresses were in the phone book.
Sign on the International Casino Building, Manhattan's Times Square Times Square, New York.
The Wrigley building in Chicago.
Two girls look at signs at Piccadilly Circus that include an advertisement for Wrigley gum.
1928 Twenty-three-year-old accountant Walter Diemer
developed the ideal chewing gum formula that is still followed today: 20% rubber, 60% sugar (or its substitutes), 19% corn syrup and 1% flavoring. A feature of this chewing gum is much greater elasticity. Diemer called his chewing gum Dubble Bubble because bubbles could be blown out of it. The chewing gum changed color to pink, which especially attracted children.
From an interview with Walter Diemer in 1996: It happened quite by accident. I didn’t know what I was doing, but I ended up doing it incomprehensibly with bubbles ... In the same year, the Thomas Brothers Candy Company was founded, a feature of which was an unusual location: in an old poison factory in Memphis (Tennessee). 1930s. William Wrigley comes up with a new marketing ploy. Baseball champs and comic book inserts that used to be sold with cigarettes are being sold with chewing gum. Pictures were produced in limited editions, so they became a collector's item.
Inserts from chewing gums Turbo
1930s. William Wrigley comes up with a new marketing ploy. Baseball champs and comic book inserts that used to be sold with cigarettes are being sold with chewing gum. The pictures were produced in limited editions, so they became the subject of
collectibles.
Gum pictures are starting to catch on. The most famous series of the late 30s - early 40s: G-Men, Horror "s of War, Mickey Mouse, Wild We>
Columbia University professor Hollingworth publishes the scientific work "Psychodynamics of chewing", in which he proves that chewing affects the reduction of muscle tension and helps to relax, relieving stress. Chewing gum is included in the soldier's ration (one piece of chewing gum is included in the daily ration).
1933 Inserts for chewing gum are produced on thick cardboard.
An unusual "charcoal chewing gum" appears on sale, which is advertised on packages of Mounds and other candies of the Peter Paul company.
1939 By decision of the Commission on Nutrition, Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, chewing gum is included in the classification of food products. Manufacturers were relieved of the need to sign all the ingredients on the packaging. Wrigley opens a factory in New Zealand.
1944 Wrigley's Orbit brand enters the market. Chewing gum is produced specifically for American soldiers. Dubble Bubble releases chewing gum with two new flavors - grape and apple
and over time even with this:]
1954 The Dubble Bubble Company organizes the first television bubble gum competition.
1956 The Bowman Company merges with Topps Chewing Gum. murol Confections Company launches Blammo sugar-free soft chewing gum. Coolmint Gum with a penguin on the package from the Lotte Company enters the market. Chewing gum begins to produce Kent Gida. The presidential campaign uses chewing gum for advertising and political purposes. It comes in the form of cigars and encourages voters to vote for certain candidates. 1962 The Guinness Book of Records named the most overgrown "chewing gum" in the world. She became Mary Francis Stubbs, who at that time was 106 years old. 1964 The Tijuana Brass orchestra is recording music for the Teaberry Gum advertising campaign. The composition makes the orchestra famous. Wrigley's first Freedent chewing gums hit the market.
1962 The Guinness Book of Records named the most overgrown "chewing gum" in the world. She became Mary Francis Stubbs, who at that time was 106 years old.
1964 The Tijuana Brass orchestra is recording music for the Teaberry Gum advertising campaign. The composition makes the orchestra famous.
Wrigley's first Freedent chewing gums hit the market.
Modern chewing gum consists primarily of a chewing base (mainly synthetic polymers), to which components are sometimes added derived from the sap of the Sapodilla tree or from the resin of coniferous trees.
Experts recommend using chewing gum only immediately after meals and no more than five minutes a day. Otherwise, it promotes the release of gastric juice into an empty stomach, which can contribute to the development of stomach ulcers and gastritis. However, after eating, in people suffering from heartburn, chewing gum helps relieve its symptoms. The secreted saliva, which has an alkaline reaction, is swallowed. The acidic contents of the lower third of the esophagus are neutralized. At the same time, a constant supply of saliva ensures the clearance of the lower third of the esophagus.
Some soluble components of chewing gum are unfavorable for the body if they enter it in large quantities. For example,
sorbitol, a widely used sugar substitute in
chewing gum, laxative
action, which manufacturers warn about on the packaging
With weakness of the dental ligament, with periodontal disease
gum can contribute to tooth loss.
Another myth about chewing gum is that chewing gum can cause a filling to fall out. Correctly placed fillings do not fall out from chewing gum. If the filling fell out, this indicates either a poorly installed filling, or ongoing caries.
or tooth decay. However, there is a danger to the jaw joints.
Interesting Facts
The biggest chewing gum bubble ever
recorded in July 1994 at the ABC television studio in New York. It was inflated by Susan Mantgomery from the USA, the diameter of the bubble was 58.5 centimeters (this is more than the size in the shoulders of an adult man of average build).
The damage caused by chewing gum to the street exterior when it hits sidewalks, house walls, benches, etc. is called gumfitti. Scientists around the world have been struggling for many years to create chemicals that would dissolve chewing gum without harming the environment. For harmless disposal, they come up with very unusual methods. So, in the city of San Luis Obispo (California) for forty years there has been a wall on which everyone can stick their chewing gum. This is a local attraction. The wall is covered with rubber in several layers. In German Bosholt, tree branches are used for the same purpose.
I will add more
Chewing gum made of resin and pine needles
The origin of chewing gum has a long history. Even the ancient Greeks and Mayans chewed resin and viscous tree sap to tune in to meditation. Later, settlers from Europe adopted this tradition from the Indians, and began to chew pine resin and beeswax, including for the prevention of throat diseases.
The first attempt at industrial production of the prototype of modern pine resin chewing gum can be considered a small business of John B. Curtis of Maine. It was organized in 1848. Resin chewing gum was not very popular because it was difficult to remove unwanted impurities from pine resin at that time, and not many people knew about the existence of a new product.
Resin chewing gum was not very popular because it was difficult to remove unwanted impurities from pine resin at that time.
December 28, 1869 is considered to be the birthday of modern chewing gum. William F. Semple, an Ohio dentist, received a patent for chewing gum. The patent was vague about the creation of "a certain combination of rubber with other substances, in different proportions, suitable for making chewing gum."
Sample didn't make gum to sell. He was more interested in the process of invention and improvement. He probably did not believe in the possibility of the success of his invention on the market - the unsuccessful experience of his predecessors did not inspire.
Gum instead of bike tires
In the same 1869, an inventor and photographer from New York - Thomas Adams - purchased a ton of Mexican rubber from the former President and General of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, for the production of rubber.
He was going to make toys, bicycle tires and shoes, but he noticed that some Mexicans were chewing the raw material for rubber - chicle. Adams decided to brew a small batch of rubber gum in his kitchen. The resulting substance was quite chewable.
Two similar inventions by two different people. The first came up and forgot, the second decided to try his luck.
Thomas Adams exhibited a trial batch of the new product in several local stores. Customers appreciated the product, and soon Thomas Adams' business took off. In 1871, Adams designed and patented a machine for the automatic production of chewing gum. In addition, he added licorice extract to the base to improve the taste and smell and, as a result, increase sales.
Thomas Adams called the world's first flavored chewing gum Black Jack. It had the shape of an even oblong stick. Adams' New York Gum sold for 5 cents each (a dollar a box). To many apothecaries, Adams distributed the first batches free of charge on the condition that they display samples in their display cases.
In 1888, Adams' "Tutti-Frutti" chewing gum vending machines appeared in the United States. They were placed at electric train stations in crowded New York.
Soapmaker produces chewing gum
For a time, Adams had a monopoly on chewing gum. But progress does not stand still, and a successful product that is in demand is difficult to keep in one hand. Already at the beginning of the twentieth century, a fairly large number of chewing gum manufacturers entered the market and began to compete for consumer attention. Among the manufacturing companies, Wrigley's, known to this day, took a special place.
This transnational corporation was founded in 1891 under very unexpected circumstances. Successful soap salesman William Wrigley once noticed that customers came to his store not only for the soap, but also for the two sticks of Lotta and Vassar chewing gum that came with the purchase.
Wrigley realized that this circumstance could be used to expand business areas. So from a seller of soap, he retrained into a manufacturer of chewing gum - Wrigley.
Chewing gum for free and let no one leave offended
In 1893, the factory began producing Spearmint mint chewing gum and Juicy Fruit. William Wrigley became a real innovator in the chewing gum market. He changed the traditional form, dividing the usual bars into five separate plates. The plates were wrapped in waxed paper so that they would not stick to each other.
Advertisements for Wrigley products began to appear on the sides of streetcars and omnibuses. Girls (prototypes of modern promoters) handed out chewing gum for free on the streets of megacities to attract the attention of buyers and taste a new product.
A stick of chewing gum was given to every immigrant who entered the United States through Ellis Island.
Wrigley Corporation developed at a galloping pace in the United States, and soon entered the world market. In 1910, the company built its first out-of-state plant in Canada. In 1915, a factory was built in Australia. Wrigley did not skimp on advertising campaigns that followed one after another.
To popularize chewing gum among children, the book "Mother Goose" was published with poems and colorful illustrations. For promotional purposes, sticks of chewing gum were sent to all New Yorkers whose names were listed in the city's telephone directory.
Later, a stick of chewing gum was given to every immigrant who entered the United States through Ellis Island. As a result, William Wrigley's chewing gum became a symbol of America.
To date, Wrigley has entered the markets of more than 180 countries around the world. The corporation includes 15 factories around the world. Wrigley is one of the largest confectionery manufacturers in the world.
and chewing gum - one of the symbols of America and the cherished dream of the Soviet child - was patented exactly 140 years ago. The dentist who copyrighted the gum claimed that his mixture of rubber, chalk, and charcoal was good for teeth, and one piece could last weeks or months. Now doctors are not so clear about the benefits of "bubble gum".
Chewing gum (chewing gum) is a special culinary product that consists of an inedible elastic base and various flavoring and aromatic additives. In the process of use, chewing gum practically does not decrease in volume, but all the fillers gradually dissolve, after which the base becomes tasteless and is usually thrown away. Bubble gum can be blown out of many types of gum as entertainment, which in English-speaking countries has given it another name Bubble Gum (that is, something like "bubble rubber").
Ancestors of chewing man
The history of chewing gum goes back centuries. The very first chewing gum dates back to the Stone Age, VII-II millennia BC. In 2007, during excavations in Finland, a 5,000-year-old piece of resin was found with imprints of human teeth.
It is known that even the ancient Greeks chewed the resin of the mastic tree to freshen their breath. The Mayan Indians used the congealed sap of the sapodilla tree to clean their teeth and freshen their breath. They called this chewy mixture “chicle”. Much later, it served as the basis for the industrial production of chewing gum.
Generation G
The fashion for chewing gum in the world appeared after the Second World War. American military personnel, whose ration included chewing gum, introduced this product to the inhabitants of Asia, Africa and Europe. Gum began to be produced in Japan, Germany, Great Britain, France and other countries.
Chewing gum was not produced in the Soviet Union for a long time, and the Soviet analogues that appeared in the 1970s were inferior to foreign ones in terms of elasticity and packaging design.
"Imported chewing gum" was a kind of cult object among Soviet children and teenagers. Wrappers and inserts from her were collected, exchanged for various trifles, played or argued for them.
Undeniable benefit...
There is a lot of controversy about the benefits and harms of chewing gum. Gum manufacturers prove the usefulness of their product. First of all, it is an opportunity to clean the teeth and oral cavity from food debris after eating, freshness of breath.
Chinese astronauts even brush their teeth with special chewing gum, not being able to use an ordinary toothbrush in space. And during the years of prohibition in the United States, in bars that illegally sold alcohol, chewing gum was handed out to visitors to drown out the smell of alcohol.
In addition to mechanical cleaning of the oral cavity, thanks to sweeteners (sorbitol, xylitol) in modern chewing gum, the acid-base balance is restored.
Interesting
The whitening properties of chewing gum are greatly exaggerated, chewing gum is completely unable to remove plaque: it is too tenacious for it. A small exception is chewing gum with hard granules in its composition, which can slightly “scratch” the surface of the tooth. However, no gum can replace a full-fledged brushing with toothpaste.
In addition, chewing gum is used by airplane passengers to avoid problems with stuffy ears. And recently, scientists said that chewing gum without sugar "burns" kilograms.
...and undoubted harm
These and other arguments are counterbalanced by the fact that if chewed too often, chewing gum has a negative effect on tooth enamel. In addition, excessive chewing contributes to the development of gastritis, since when a person chews, gastric juice is released, which irritates the gastric mucosa.
Last year, British doctors said that excessive use of gum can even lead to indigestion with serious consequences.
From constant chewing, the temporomandibular joint, the one that connects the temporal bone and the lower jaw, can suffer. If this joint is inflamed, chewing is not recommended.
sticky trash
Used chewing gum causes the most indisputable harm to city streets, public transport, etc. Thus, about 3 kg of old chewing gum is collected daily at the New York Central Station. In English, there is even a special term for the pollution of walls and sidewalks with chewing gum - gumfitti.
Not surprisingly, in Singapore, for example, chewing gum is illegal.
"Gum Alley" "Gum Alley"
Illegal
But gum, regardless of brand or taste, has never been a product that everyone likes. In the 1970s, some American doctors considered it harmful, because, in their opinion, it "exhausted the salivary glands and could lead to sticking of the internal organs." In the 1950s and 1960s, orthodontists forbade it to patients with corrective braces on their teeth due to the fact that it was considered impossible to clean it with a toothbrush. The ban on chewing gum then extended to American schools. But the most famous case of chewing gum being illegal is the ban on its import and sale in Singapore, introduced by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong in 1992. The punishment for illegal distribution is a large fine and even imprisonment for up to two years. Thus, the authorities of the southeastern state, known for its impeccable cleanliness, wanted to rid sidewalks, buildings and public transport of black spots left by chewing gum. However, in the battle between money and purity, the former won. In 2004, thanks to a free trade agreement between the United States and Singapore, the ban was lifted. However, now in Singapore only chewing gum with medicinal properties (anti-nicotine) is allowed for sale, and when buying it, an identity card is still required.
The economic side of the cleanliness of the streets are also concerned in Europe. The current fine in Barcelona of 450 euros for chewing gum thrown in a public place does not save: about 1,800 stains from it are wiped off by city services daily, spending 100,000 euros per year on this. In November 2010, the Spanish government decided that the local chewing gum was too sticky and decided to change its composition - the use of a polymer used in the creation of plastics and in the cosmetics industry is being considered. In the UK, chewing gum with similar properties appeared in March 2010. Chicza, imported by the British from Mexico, not only does not stick to the floor, but is also biodegradable.
Website materials used: http://liveinukraine.livejournal.com
Gum is a common product, loved and used by people of all ages. It seems to be a technological innovation. In fact, chewing gum has an interesting, centuries-old history.
History of chewing gum
People have long used the gifts of nature for various purposes, knowing their beneficial and harmful properties. Minerals and insects were used. Plant roots have been useful for oral hygiene.
Maya Indians used ancient chewing gum, it was a substance made from rubber juice - chicle. There is evidence that people in northern Europe used birch resin to relieve toothache. The Aztecs had norms of behavior associated with this remedy. Unmarried women and children were allowed to chew whenever they wanted, married women and widows at home, and men were ordered to hide.
People have known about the product since antiquity. The inhabitants of North America adopted this useful experience from the Indians.
Important! Chewing gum in its usual form appeared in 1848. September 23 is officially recognized as her birthday.
At this time, the Curtis brothers came up with the idea of mixing pine resin with beeswax and selling this invention. The chewing gum was a good success. This allowed to increase production volumes in 1850. Then paraffin flavors were added to the composition, and 4 brands of chewing gums were produced.
In 1869, dentist William Semple patented chewing gum made from rubber. It included: charcoal, chalk, flavorings. He assured that chewing gum has properties that are useful for teeth and is durable. Due to unclear circumstances, the product did not pass to mass production.
According to legend, in 1869, a general who fled from Mexico met the inventor Thomas Adams and sold chicle (rubber). He failed to create a substitute for rubber. Then the inventor boiled rubber and made chewing gum, which was quickly sold out in local shops.
He then introduced licorice flavoring. Black Jack was born, the first flavored chewing gum. In 1871, Adams received a patent for an apparatus for mass production of a product. In 1888, Tutti Frutti appeared. Pharmacist John Colgan suggested adding flavoring to the mixture before adding sugar. Now the smell and taste stayed longer.
The seller, William Wrigley, noticed that the chewing gum was in demand by buyers and decided to improve the manufacturing method. In 1892 they produced "Wrigley's Spearmint", a year later - "Wrigley's Juicy Fruit". These types of chewing gum hold the first lines of world sales even now. Wrigley came up with the idea to add mint, powdered sugar and other flavors, to produce gum in different shapes.
Important! In 1928, Walter Diemer invented a chewing gum with an interesting feature that makes it easy to blow bubbles: "bubble gum".
The researcher improved the product of Frank Flir, which was not in demand. Chewing gum really liked the children as entertainment. Competitions were held among her fans. In 1994, they set a world record: a bubble of 30.8 cm was inflated. Then they did not think about the benefits, properties or dangers of chewing gum.
After 1945, thanks to the soldiers, the whole world learned about it. In the USSR, there were only Soviet analogues that did not have pleasant properties, in ugly packaging. In the 1990s, candy wrappers from foreign chewing gum were collected and used for games.
Composition of chewing gum
Chewing gum contains:
- base: rubber or other synthetic polymers - 20-30%;
- food sugar or sweeteners - 60%;
- flavor enhancers;
- stabilizers (more often - glycerin);
- aroma enhancers;
- emulsifiers (based on egg yolk);
- dyes;
- thickener E414;
- lemon acid;
- titanium dioxide (provides a snow-white color);
- preservative (antioxidant).
It has changed a lot compared to the ancient chewing gum. These are the main components. The content of the listed substances in popular types of chewing gum:
Is chewing gum good?
You might think that its properties are extremely harmful. The media actively promotes the positive effect of chewing gum on teeth.
Active salivation
Microbial colonies form on the teeth within 2 hours after brushing. They process the remnants of food, while forming acids that destroy the enamel. The result is caries. During chewing, saliva is reflexively released, which has a slightly alkaline ph and contains mineral components. The properties of chewing gum really strengthen tooth enamel, neutralize the environment, but not due to its composition.
Intestinal motility and secretion are reflexively activated. A person recovers faster after an operation on the intestines and moves on to everyday food thanks to chewing gum.
Cleansing the mouth and teeth
Important! Teeth after chewing gum become cleaner. Having a viscous consistency, it attaches to itself the remnants of food, contributing to cleansing, but not in all cases.
The teeth have a pronounced anatomy - deep pits, may be crowded. Then food and plaque clog in there. But according to dentists, the benefits of the properties of chewing gum after eating are.
Jaw strengthening
You can use chewing gum as an unusual simulator. This is a useful feature. When chewing, the load on the teeth and their ligaments falls, then on the jawbone and muscles. This useful property helps to develop the maxillofacial skeleton in children.
Helps to calm down
The chewing gum has a pleasant taste and a cooling effect. It does not lose consistency, volume, does not dissolve, not only freshens breath, but helps to calm down, the effect of the action itself is scientifically proven. There are many health benefits of chewing gum. But there is also harm from it.
How bad is chewing gum
A product that is useful in composition can be harmful, not to mention chewing gum.
The emergence of addiction
People deal with stress in different ways. Someone smokes, eats, someone uses chewing gum. There are studies confirming the emergence of dependence on it.
Breakage of prostheses and loss of fillings
According to studies, there have been cases of unpleasant consequences due to chewing gum, but they are rare. If you have all the teeth, the filling is made correctly, from high-quality material, then it (or the prosthesis) will last a long time. But they can absorb dyes and flavors from chewing gum, which reduces the life of the structure. Gum is not recommended for people with braces or plates to align their teeth. When chewing, structural elements may bend, the briquette will peel off or the product will stick to them, which will worsen oral hygiene. This will harm, make it difficult to heal.
poison effect
To determine the presence of this property in chewing gum, you need to study the composition in detail. The basis is synthetic polymers. Effects on the body have not been identified.
Glycerin (E422) draws water out of tissues. There is little of it in chewing gum, but it is used in the composition of frequently consumed products: bread, confectionery.
Sugar does not cause tooth decay, but is a breeding ground for bacteria. Some use sweeteners - sorbitol. This substance is a laxative. Aspartame can cause headaches, allergies. Xylitol and maltitol in chewing gum are relatively safe to consume.
Fragrances, both natural and synthetic, can cause allergies. Flavor enhancers in long-term chewing harm the taste buds. Ordinary wholesome food seems unpleasant when used for a long time.
The dyes contained in chewing gum are carcinogenic. Carcinogenicity - the ability to cause cellular mutations. So far, there has not been a single case of cancer or other neoplasm due to chewing gum.
Harm of chewing gum for children
Attention! There is a risk of asphyxia (suffocation) in a dream, if accidentally swallowed. All muscles are relaxed, and chewing gum can accidentally enter the larynx when taking a deep breath.
Children are very curious, they can give each other food to try. There is a risk of transmission from one child to another through saliva. He can become infected himself if he leaves a gum somewhere or drops it, and then chews it.
Do not give chewing gum to a child instead of food. This is harm. Saliva and gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid are reflexively secreted. Since the food does not enter the stomach, the acid will begin to act on its mucous membrane, causing gastritis. This disease causes problems with digestion and absorption of beneficial nutrients from food, which is especially bad for a growing child's body.
Facial asymmetry
Warning! There is a possibility of facial asymmetry in children and adolescents who often use chewing gum during periods of changing teeth and active jaw growth.
With frequent and prolonged chewing, especially on one side, there is an overload of the muscles and their excessive development, which is negative for the growth of the jaws. They may be underdeveloped or overdeveloped. One half may be larger or longer than the other. These are the pronounced effects of excessive and prolonged use of chewing gum, which are harmful.
Hence the problems with bite: crowding, improper closing of teeth, maxillofacial pathologies, especially in combination with bad habits (biting a pen, pencil, nails). Their signs and consequences: problems with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), changes in the profile and configuration of the face, even problems with posture. But the benefits of chewing gum for a person are not just advertising.
How to chew gum without harm to health
It will not replace brushing and toothpaste. You can use chewing gum after eating no more than 10 minutes. Rinse your mouth first to avoid harm to your teeth. The properties of chewing gum after eating can be used for weight loss, as they stimulate the secretion of gastric juice, and food is better absorbed. There is an elastic band designed specifically for weight loss.
You can not replace chewing gum with a full meal. It will do harm. There are alternative options for replacing chewing gum that are more beneficial.
What can replace chewing gum
Advice! To kill bad breath, you can chew a mint leaf, coffee beans, cardamom, ginger root, parsley.
You can use mints, dragees, mouth sprays, hygienic rinses. The question of their properties and harm to the child is decided after consultation with the doctor. For a healthy snack, yogurt, dried fruits, fresh fruits are suitable. For the development of the chewing apparatus of the child, solid foods will be useful: carrots, apples.
Culture and chewing gum
In the 1990s, chewing anywhere and everywhere was fashionable in Russia. But no one likes an interlocutor who does this during a conversation or in a theater. It's uncivilized. An active life forces you to snack on the go, but everything should be in place, chewing gum should not be abused.
How to make chewing gum at home
Children love chewing gum. To avoid harm, you can learn how to cook a healthy product at home.
Advice! You can make treats from your favorite foods.
Recipe for chewing gum, useful for children of all ages:
- choose the juice of your choice, add sugar and heat;
- add to gelatin, mix and strain through a sieve;
- pour the mixture into molds and leave in the refrigerator for 6-8 hours.
Chewing candy is ready. It will resemble marmalade, have both a pleasant taste and useful properties.
Making chewing gum from fruits or berries:
- peel products, cut;
- pour boiling water, cook for 20 minutes over low heat;
- when everything is boiled, drain the compote, add sugar and gelatin (dissolved in water);
- you can use molds or put the gum in a container for solidification;
- refrigerate for a few hours.
Useful chewing gum is ready. You can take a snack with you.
Treat recipe for older kids. Chewing gum based on Gum base, which is purchased in the store and via the Internet.
- 1 st. l. heat the gum base in a water bath, stirring occasionally;
- pour liquid honey or syrup - 1 tsp;
- mix;
- add to the mixture 1 tsp. flavoring, 1/2 tsp. spoons of powdered sugar, dye (optional);
- sprinkle a table or cutting board with powdered sugar;
- lay out hot chewing gum;
- during cooling and after you need to roll it in powder;
- form a sausage, cut into pieces.
The taste and properties of the finished chewing gum will turn out to be similar to the purchased one. When dyes and flavors are added, only the absence of a bright wrapper will distinguish them.
Conclusion
The benefits and harms of chewing gum are a complex issue, but if you follow simple rules, its use will be useful. She masks problems. First of all, proper care with the help of chewing gum properties for the oral cavity will help maintain the beauty of a smile and health for many years.
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Composition of chewing gum Orbit:
§ Sorbitol E420, Maltitol E965, Gum base, Thickener E414, Stabilizer E422, Natural, identical natural and artificial flavors, Mannitol E421, Soy lecithin emulsifier, Color E171, Aspartame E951, Acesulfame-K E950, Sodium bicarbonate E500ii, Glaze E903, antioxidant E320.
Composition of chewing gum Dirol:
§ isomalt, sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, maltitol syrup, aspartame, acesulfame-K, rubber base, calcium carbonate 4%, natural flavors: mint, menthol, vanilla identical to natural, artificial refreshing, thickener E414, stabilizer E422, hydrogenated rapeseed oil, emulsifier E322, dye E171, glazing agent E903, antioxidant E321, texturizer E341iii.
What are chewing gum made of anyway?
1. Latex is the basis of chewing gum. So far, it is considered harmless. However, full studies have not been conducted.
2. Flavors, natural and identical. They are not always harmless, because they are often obtained by chemical means (synthesis). Sanitary regulations allow this.
3. Dyes. If you meet E171 on the packaging, you should know that this is the so-called titanium white. Previously, in Russia they were banned in food products, but now the ban does not work (money decides a lot). This dye causes liver and kidney disease. Stimorol gum contains E-131 dye, which promotes the formation of cancer cells.
4. Sweeteners. They are different:
§ Sugar. It has long been proven that the longer its contact with the teeth, the higher the risk of caries. And here, chewing gum simply has no competitors.
§ Acesulfame-K. In its structure, it is similar to saccharin and contributes to the development of tumors, at least in laboratory animals. Safe dose: 1 g per day.
§ Aspartame. Causes headache, dizziness and nausea. When the temperature of aspartame exceeds 30 ° C, wood alcohol in it turns into formaldehyde, and then into formic acid, which in turn causes metabolic acidosis (disturbance of acid balance in the body). Earlier in the USA it was banned, but then for some reason they reconsidered the decision (money again decides a lot). Safe dose: 3 g per day.
§ Sorbitol and xylitol. More than one pack of gum a day can have a laxative effect. Since it is xylitol gum in advertising that is recommended to be consumed as often as possible, “diarrhea can take you by surprise.” Safe dose of xylitol: 40 g per day.
And besides, absolutely any chewing gum stimulates the secretion of gastric juice. Chewing on an empty stomach can lead to gastritis and ulcers. The acid secreted by the body corrodes the lining of the stomach.
In general, there is no doubt that chewing gums do more harm than good, because chewing gums have poor hygienic effectiveness compared, for example, with toothbrushes.
We recommend chewing this gum for no more than 3-5 minutes and only after eating.”
Coca Cola
Here are some quotes from the official website of Coca-Cola in Russia (www.cocacola.ru):
§ “More than 162 million liters of Coca-Cola and 84 million liters of the Company's other beverages are consumed worldwide every day.”
§ “Coca-Cola was recognized as the “People's Brand” in 2002 according to the results of a survey of the Russian population. This is a nationwide recognition of Russians for the Coca-Cola drink.”
§ “Should soft drinks be part of a healthy diet? Yes, definitely. Soft drinks are made up primarily of water and are therefore capable of quenching thirst and satisfying the body's physiological need for fluid (about two liters daily). In addition, sugar-sweetened soft drinks contain carbohydrates and therefore quickly provide the body with energy.”
We drink:
After 10 minutes.
10 teaspoons of sugar will hit your system (this is the daily recommended amount).
You don't want to vomit because phosphoric acid inhibits the action of sugar.
In 20 minutes.
There will be a jump in insulin in the blood. The liver converts all sugar into fats.
In 40 minutes.
Caffeine absorption is complete. Your pupils will dilate.
Blood pressure will increase because the liver releases more sugar into the blood.
Adenosine receptors are blocked, thereby preventing drowsiness.
After 45 minutes.
Your body will increase production of the dopamine hormone, which stimulates the pleasure center of the brain.
Heroin has the same principle of action.
After an hour.
Phosphoric acid binds calcium, magnesium, and zinc in your intestines, boosting your metabolism.
Increased excretion of calcium through the urine.
More than an hour later.
Diuretic action comes into play.
Calcium, magnesium and zinc, which are in your bones, are excreted, as well as sodium, electrolyte and water.
More than an hour and a half later.
You become irritable or lethargic. All water contained in Coca-Cola is excreted through urine.
The active ingredient in Coca-Cola is phosphoric acid. Its pH is 2.8. To transport Coca-Cola concentrate, the truck must be equipped with special containers designed for highly corrosive materials.
1. Aqua carbonated - carbonated water.
The presence of carbon dioxide in water stimulates gastric secretion, increases the acidity of gastric juice and provokes flatulence - profuse gas. In addition, not spring water is used, but tap water, passed through special filters.
2. E952 (Cyclamic Acid and Na, K, Ca salts,
Cyclamic acid and its sodium, potassium and calcium salts). Sugar substitute. Cyclamate is a synthetic chemical that tastes 200 times sweeter than sugar and is used as an artificial sweetener. It has been banned from use in human food because it is a carcinogen that causes cancer. In 1969, by order of the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it is prohibited for use in the United States, because. like saccharin and aspartame, it has been shown to cause bladder cancer in rats. Banned in Canada the same year. Banned in Japan, South Korea and Singapore in 1975. Banned for use in the beverage industry in Indonesia. In 1979, the World Health Organization rehabilitated cyclamates, recognizing them as harmless.
* Safe dose: 0.8 g per day.
3. E150d (Caramel IV - Ammonia-sulphite process, dye)
- burnt sugar, obtained by processing sugar at certain temperatures, with or without the addition of chemical reagents. In this case ammonium sulfate is added.
4. E950 (Acesulfame Potassium, acesulfame potassium)
- 200 times sweeter than sucrose. Contains methyl ester, which impairs the functioning of the cardiovascular system, and aspartic acid, which has a stimulating effect on the nervous system and can, over time, become addictive. Acesulfame is poorly soluble. Products with this sweetener are not recommended for children, pregnant and lactating women.
* Safe dose: 1 g per day.
5. E951 (Aspartame)
- sweetener for diabetics. Chemically unstable: when the temperature rises, it decomposes into methanol and phenylalanine. Methanol (methyl alcohol) is very dangerous: 5-10 ml can lead to death of the optic nerve and irreversible blindness, 30 ml can lead to death. In warm soda and aspartame is transformed into formaldehyde, which is the strongest carcinogen. Documented cases of aspartame poisoning: loss of touch, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, palpitations, weight gain, irritability, anxiety, memory loss, blurred vision, rashes, seizures, loss of vision, joint pain, depression, spasms, diseases of the reproductive organs, hearing loss. Also, aspartame can provoke the following diseases: brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Graves' disease, chronic fatigue, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, diabetes, mental retardation and tuberculosis.
* Safe dose: 3 g per day.
6. E338 (Orthophosphoric Acid, phosphoric acid) - chemical formula: H3
PO4
. Fire and explosion hazard. Causes irritation to eyes and skin. Application: for the production of phosphate salts of ammonium, sodium, calcium, manganese and aluminum, as well as for organic synthesis, in the production of activated carbon and film, for the production of refractories, refractory binders, ceramics, glass, fertilizers, synthetic detergents, in medicine, metalworking for cleaning and polishing metals, textiles for the production of fabrics with flame retardant impregnation, oil, match industry. Food phosphoric acid is used in the production of carbonated water and to obtain salts (powders for making cookies). Prevents the absorption of calcium and iron in the body, which can lead to weakening of bone tissue, osteoporosis. Other side effects: thirst, skin rash.
7. E330 (Citric Acid, citric acid) - colorless crystals.
Widely distributed in nature. Citric acid is obtained from shag and the fermentation of carbohydrates (sugar, molasses). Used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Salts of citric acid (citrates) are used in the food industry, as acids, preservatives, stabilizers, in medicine - for preserving blood.
8. Aromas - no one knows what aromatic additives
9. E211 (Sodium Benzoate, sodium benzoate)
- expectorant, food preservative. Benzoic acid (E210), sodium benzoate (E211) and potassium benzoate (E212) are introduced into some foods as a bactericidal and antifungal agent. These foods include jams, fruit juices, marinades, and fruit yogurts. Not recommended for asthmatics and people sensitive to aspirin. In a recent study by Peter Piper, professor of molecular biology and biotechnology at the University of Sheffield (England), found that this compound causes significant damage to DNA. Sodium benzoate, which is the active ingredient in the preservatives used in most sodas, doesn't destroy parts of the DNA, Piper says, but it deactivates them. This can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
Interesting facts and rumors about Coca-Cola:
§ In a number of US states, the traffic police always have about 10 liters of Coke in their patrol car to wash blood off the highway after an accident. [hearing]
§ If you leave a small piece of sausage overnight in a bottle of Coca-Cola or Fanta; in the morning the sausage will dissolve! [verified]
§ Coca-Cola is used to clean the sewers, rusty bolts and stains from the chrome bumper of the car, batteries and engine in the car, electric kettles from scale. [verified]
§ To remove stains from clothes, pour a can of Coca-Cola on dirty clothes, add washing powder and wash in the machine as usual.
§ In some Asian countries, farmers use Coca-Cola to kill pests. it is cheaper than chemicals, and the effect is the same. [from the news]
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