Alcohol poisoning what to do drugs. Restoration of water balance

In the article we will try to figure out what alcohol intoxication is and what are its symptoms, and in addition, we will consider how to behave and what to do in case of such poisoning of the body, what should be done at home with alcohol poisoning.

A little about alcohol intoxication

Unfortunately, not a single person who consumes alcoholic beverages is immune from such an unpleasant phenomenon. The cases are different: someone becomes a victim of underground manufacturers of low-quality products, and someone may simply not calculate their own strength and go overboard with alcohol. To the question of how not to get poisoned by alcohol ever, there is only one suitable answer - do not drink it at all.

In different circumstances and with varying degrees of damage to the body, the symptoms, and, of course, the treatment are different.

Alcohol poisoning refers to the toxic effect on a person of a poisonous substance - ethyl alcohol. True, this also includes poisoning with other types of alcohol, not so common - it can be methyl alcohol, isopropyl, butylene, hydrolytic and sulfite alcohols, etc.

First of all, it must be said that there are three stages of intoxication:

1. The initial stage is from 0.5 to 1.5 ppm of alcohol in the blood.
2. Moderate stage - up to 3 ppm of alcohol in the blood.
3. The severe stage is already more than three ppm of alcohol.

In small quantities, alcoholic beverages are even useful in some cases, for example, they help to cope with viral diseases, cure a cold. If a small amount of ethyl alcohol is contained in the body, then it is easily neutralized and excreted by the liver. But when this amount exceeds a certain norm, which the liver is able to detoxify, then the poisons provoke brain disorders.

Symptoms, consequences that occur with alcohol poisoning

The primary signs of alcohol poisoning are changes in appearance and behavior, namely:

• The person is emotionally aroused, his movements are lively.
• Under the influence of alcohol, people feel relaxed and euphoric, are in a cheerful mood.
• Their speech is very categorical, there is a desire to speak out.
• You may notice that the skin of a person who has consumed alcohol turns red, the pupils are dilated, sweating increases.

All of the above symptoms of the effects of alcohol may be present, even if you drink a very small amount of alcohol. In such cases, there is no cause for concern.

But the secondary signs should make you pay attention to the state of the person, namely, this is a significant decrease in intellectual abilities, clearly aggressive behavior, or behavior of an openly sexual nature. Gait unsteady, staggering.

In a severe form of alcohol poisoning, the work of not only the central nervous system, but also the cardiovascular system is disrupted. A person's speech becomes completely incoherent and illegible, hearing may deteriorate, the ability to respond to any external stimuli is lost. If you do not stop drinking alcohol, the condition may worsen, namely, falling into a coma.

Alcoholic coma

Acute alcohol poisoning sometimes causes coma. This is a loss of consciousness, absolute indifference to external stimuli, such as a loud sound, a strong pat on the cheeks, etc.

With a superficial coma, the patient loses consciousness, his pain sensitivity decreases, the eyeballs “float”, one pupil can be dilated in front of the eyes, and the other narrowed. When the patient is exposed to some external stimuli, he can react with protective movements or facial expressions. Often there is redness of the eyeballs and skin on the face. Saliva may flow, the heart beats faster, shortness of breath appears.

With a deep coma, there is an absolute loss of sensitivity, the patient does not respond to external stimuli, even pain. Tendon reflexes are reduced or absent altogether. Muscles lose their tone. Body temperature is reduced. The skin is no longer red, but a pale, cyanotic color. There may be convulsions. Breathing becomes slow, not so deep. The heart beats rapidly, more than 120 beats per minute. Arterial pressure is reduced.

If, while the patient is in a state of deep coma, no prompt action is taken, breathing will stop, death will occur.

What can affect the degree of poisoning

First of all, of course, it depends on the amount of alcohol consumed. When. when a large dose of it enters the body in a short time, the liver simply cannot cope with processing. Ethyl alcohol and its decay products in this case can damage the internal organs.

Let's take an example. An adult man of average build, who weighs, say, eighty kilograms, with a healthy liver, can process and excrete a maximum of eight grams of pure alcohol without harm to the body. And one hundred grams of forty-degree vodka contains almost thirty-two grams of this very alcohol.

The second factor is age. Young children and the elderly are the category of the population that most of all endure the influence of alcohol-containing substances, since the children's liver is not yet sufficiently developed and formed to process and neutralize such poisons, and the liver of an old person, due to age, does not fully cope with its functions.

Another important factor is individual intolerance. As you know, representatives of the Mongoloid race are most susceptible to alcohol poisoning and endure its effects worst of all due to the low activity of a special enzyme responsible for the breakdown of ethanol. This is due to the genetic characteristics of the race.

Various diseases of the liver, as well as pregnancy, overwork, diabetes mellitus, and pancreatic diseases negatively affect the performance of the liver.

Use of surrogates and counterfeit alcohol

First of all, let's find out what kind of drinks are meant by surrogates. This is the product, which includes not only ethanol, but also various additives that are very toxic and are not intended for food consumption. These can be, for example, hygiene products containing. In addition, this list includes brake fluid, denatured alcohol, antifreeze, etc.

But in our time, you can often encounter poisoning with counterfeit alcohol. In the people, such products are called "singed vodka." It is produced in improper conditions, so the quality of the product is very low. Often counterfeit brands are produced in this way. In fact, the product is not only of poor quality, but also dangerous to health.

We will not ignore the good old moonshine produced at home. Very often people have to poison themselves with this product, since the main goal of the manufacturer is not so much the quality as the strength of the drink.

Poisoning by alcohol substitutes is a common occurrence among drinkers. True, poisoning with low-quality alcohol happens not only among the marginalized segments of the population, who do not care what to drink. Ordinary people suffer because of counterfeit products.

First aid

During severe intoxication, it is necessary to provide assistance to the victim, you need to act quickly. Sometimes the right help can save someone's life. It is no exaggeration to say that serious alcohol poisoning can be fatal.

Calling an ambulance is mandatory in the case when a person is unconscious, his body temperature has dropped, the skin has turned pale, sweat has appeared, the pulse is frequent and weak. In addition, if there are cramps, a stomach ache or a headache, when a person uncontrollably emits urine or feces, blood is found in the vomit and / or feces, urgent medical attention is also needed.

If possible, you need to help regain consciousness, then rid the body of alcoholic poisons.

Video: first aid - alcohol poisoning.

How to treat alcohol poisoning at home

How to treat a poisoned person at home? In order for a person to regain consciousness after drinking, ammonia should be used. Soak a cotton swab in it, bring it to the nose of the patient so that he feels a pungent smell.

If the patient has vomited once or twice before, there is no need to wonder how to stop vomiting. Cleansing the stomach will only be useful, as it helps to get rid of toxic toxins. If nausea and vomiting do not stop throughout the day, you can take antiemetics that can stop stomach discomfort, for example, Cerucal. If you have diarrhea, it's a good idea to take Atoxil.

The next step is to cleanse the body, namely the gastrointestinal tract from alcohol. To get rid of poisons, you can use tools such as a solution of potassium permanganate, activated charcoal, or a solution of baking soda.

1. Soda for alcohol poisoning. You will need 1 liter of cold boiled water and a teaspoon of baking soda. Pour soda into water, stir. The poisoned person should slowly, in small sips, drink the entire resulting solution. Next, you need to rip it all out.
2. A solution of potassium permanganate. All you need is the same 1 liter of cold boiled water and quite a bit of manganese, select only a few grams. When potassium permanganate is added to water, the resulting liquid will be a pale pink color. The method of application is the same - the liquid should be drunk, then vomited.
3. Activated carbon. For those who prefer activated charcoal, there is advice: if usually charcoal consumption is calculated in the amount of one tablet per ten kilograms of the patient's body weight, then in this case the dose should be increased: it is good to take twenty tablets, each of which should be washed down with plenty of water.
4. You can also use succinic acid, which removes toxic substances from the body.

After the patient's stomach is cleared of toxic substances, and the victim himself moves away from intoxication a little, he needs to take sorbent medicines. These include drugs such as Enterosgel, Polysorb MP, Filtrum. Smecta is a good medicine both for alcohol poisoning and for the prevention of a hangover.

There are also special tablets such as Alka-Seltzer.

As for folk remedies for alcohol poisoning, tea with mint, ginger tea with honey help well against nausea. For nausea and vomiting, mummy is also recommended.

Since the body is dehydrated by vomiting, it should be put in order by restoring the water balance. It is useful to drink plenty of water, as well as take Regidron, Hydrovit or Citroglucosolan.

A large amount of water drunk will also help with hiccups, which often happens in people who have gone over with alcohol. From such an unpleasant phenomenon, holding your breath, a loud cough, and a slice of lemon eaten also save you. You can also lie down sharply and then get up, or use the “vocalist exercise” - sing a range of notes as you exhale.

After alcohol poisoning, the stomach can be very painful. The work of the digestive tract needs to be restored. You can cure the stomach with the help of probiotics, it is useful to drink Enterofuril, it will not hurt to eat fermented milk products.

What can you eat after alcohol poisoning? How to move the stomach after the stress? The diet should be sparing, food should not overload the stomach. It is worth giving up heavy food for a while: fried, smoked, spicy, fatty. Give preference to stewed, boiled, baked foods. Alcohol after suffering poisoning for some time should not be consumed.

Ethyl alcohol contained in alcoholic beverages is considered one of the strongest poisons that has a negative effect on the human central nervous system. According to statistics, more than 60% of fatal poisonings occur precisely in cases with alcoholic beverages with a large excess of the permissible dose or inappropriate quality. Depending on the strength of the drink, each of them - beer, wine, vodka, cognac and others - have conditionally safe consumption rates, the excess of which can result in alcohol poisoning and other complications.

You can cope with poisoning with a mild and moderate degree of intoxication at home using the folk recipes given in this article, however, with a severe degree of intoxication, a doctor should provide assistance to the victim.

Symptoms

One of the signs of alcohol poisoning is clouding of consciousness.

In medicine, there is no concept of “light intoxication” or a harmless dose of alcohol, therefore, any degree of intoxication is considered poisoning, respectively, the feeling of lightness, joy and euphoria, due to which many drink alcoholic beverages, are also signs of intoxication.

Nevertheless, speaking of more serious symptoms in severe alcohol poisoning, it is necessary to pay attention to speech: it becomes slurred, confused, it is difficult for a person to formulate thoughts and express them. All movements, gestures, facial expressions slow down, become uncoordinated, the pupils dilate, the headache intensifies, nausea and vomiting appear - the body tries to cleanse itself of the poison. The most extreme degree is loss of consciousness, also referred to as "alcoholic coma".

In some cases - with intolerance to alcohol - even at small doses, auditory and visual hallucinations may begin in a person, aggression, anxiety or fear may appear. Such a state, as a rule, ends with a sudden sleep, after which the person does not remember anything.

Alcohol poisoning usually reminds of itself for several days with a headache, weakness, indigestion and pain in the stomach. Chronic use leads to irreversible changes in the brain, microstrokes, the development of cirrhosis of the liver and hepatitis, the development of diseases of the central nervous system, and others.

First aid

In case of alcohol poisoning, it is necessary to wash the stomach in any known way.

To quickly alleviate the condition of a poisoned person, it is necessary to reduce the degree of intoxication. The most effective way is gastric lavage - drink a few glasses of water, and then induce vomiting by pressing on the root of the tongue. Repeat this procedure up to 4-5 times so that the vomit contains only drunk water. Next, you need to seat or lay the poisoned person in a comfortable position and apply a cold compress to the head, drink strong sweet black tea, and then give any sorbent (Smecta or Filtrum) or activated charcoal at the rate of 1 table. for 10 kg. weight.

In case of loss of consciousness, it is necessary to immediately call an ambulance, and before its arrival, if possible, bring the victim back to consciousness - give a sniff of a cotton swab dipped in ammonia, lay it on its side, providing fresh air.

In case of respiratory arrest, resuscitation methods should be used - heart massage and artificial respiration.

Interestingly, in Belgium they brew beer with a strength of 1.5%, intended for consumption at breakfast and lunch. Until 1970, such beer was sold even in school cafeterias, but it was gradually replaced by sweet soda. Today, there are many supporters of the return of beer to educational institutions in the country, since it is recognized as healthier than a sugar-containing drink.

Decoctions and teas

Herbal decoctions help reduce symptoms of poisoning

Homemade teas and herbal decoctions help relieve the symptoms of alcohol poisoning and remove toxins from the body.

Althea leaf tea is prepared at the rate of two tablespoons per two cups of boiling water. Infuse tea for at least 4 hours, strain before drinking. Take the medicine during the day, divided into 4 doses.

Ginger tea, which is prepared from 1 tablespoon of ground root in a glass of water, will help restore strength and well-being. Insist for half an hour and drink as often as possible, replacing them with ordinary water.

A decoction of chamomile, which is prepared at the rate of two dessert spoons per 300 ml. water, will help get rid of headaches and nausea in alcohol poisoning. Warm the broth over a fire for 15 minutes, and then cool a little and filter. You need to take the medicine as often as possible, replacing regular tea with it.

Fresh juices

Fresh orange juice will reduce headaches and nausea from alcohol poisoning

Experts say that one of the most effective folk remedies to help get rid of alcohol poisoning is celery root juice. It must be taken one tablespoon three times a day before meals.

Freshly squeezed orange juice perfectly removes toxins, so doctors recommend drinking it for alcohol poisoning, accompanied by a headache. If you drink juice during a feast, then the symptoms of a hangover will be minimal.

Diluted lemon juice is also effective for headaches caused by excessive drinking. Squeeze the juice of half a lemon into a glass of water and add a teaspoon of sugar. Drink the juice slowly, but at one time.

Pickles

The brine will help restore the salt balance, replenish the loss of fluid in the body during alcohol intoxication

One of the most common and effective ways to beat a hangover is to drink brine. Such a drink allows not only to completely compensate for the lack of water in the body, but also to normalize the salt balance and restore the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Cucumber and tomato pickle or mild marinade are suitable for treatment. And the best of them is sauerkraut brine. To alleviate the condition, one glass of brine in the morning is enough.

Other means

Bananas and natural yogurt are effective hangover cures.

To improve the condition after drinking alcohol, treating a headache, an unpleasant sensation in the stomach, you need to eat two or three bananas. It contains a large amount of potassium, which has a positive effect on the functioning of the cardiovascular system, and also normalizes the work of the stomach and intestines. Natural yogurt has the same effect.

A drink made from chicory will quickly relieve dizziness and nausea. It tastes like coffee, and the substances contained in chicory help to eliminate toxins from the body.

What Not to Do

Alcoholic beverages should not be given to a person in case of alcohol intoxication.

A person with moderate and severe intoxication needs help, but it must be timely, safe and adequate.

• wash the stomach of an unconscious person, since vomit can enter the respiratory system, causing asphyxiation;
• laying a person on his back, as he can choke on his own vomit;
• send a person under a cold shower: at the time of poisoning, the thermoregulation of the body is impaired, and, most likely, the victim is already shivering from the cold;
• force a person to move, since all organs work at their limit, and unnecessary movements can lead to damage;
• leave a person alone, because at this moment breathing may stop, convulsions or vomiting may begin, he may fall and hit.

Prevention

The best way to avoid ethanol poisoning is not to drink alcoholic beverages.

The most important and effective rule is to completely abandon the use of alcoholic beverages. However, if a noisy feast or a fun holiday is expected, there are a few simple rules to avoid alcohol intoxication:

• do not drink alcohol on an empty stomach;
• do not drink alcoholic beverages in case of any diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, stress or overwork;
• give up alcohol while taking medications - antibiotics, antidepressants, painkillers, sedatives, etc.;
• eat before drinking alcohol;
• have a snack after each dose, giving preference to protein foods;
• drink one drink without combining;
• if you have to use different drinks, then it is better to adhere to the rule of increasing the degree;
• drink only quality alcohol.

Many different methods and techniques will help get rid of any manifestation of alcohol intoxication, and a doctor or rescue service called in time will provide the necessary assistance to the poisoned person. However, even the most qualified assistance may not always be timely. Therefore, for a healthy, fulfilling and happy life, it is better to completely abandon the use of alcoholic beverages.

Names of tablets from alcohol poisoning of the adsorbing group

Activated carbon

Pharmacodynamics:

Specially processed coal of vegetable or animal origin. It has a high surface activity. It has the properties to absorb (adsorb) harmful substances (toxins), gases, as well as salts of heavy metals, synthetic and natural alkaloids, hypnotics, poisons, phenol derivatives, glycosides, hydrocyanic acid, etc.

Indications for the use of activated charcoal:

1. Intoxication, manifested in the form of dyspepsia, flatulence (bloating), diarrhea, heartburn.
2. Exacerbations of allergic diseases of various etiologies.
3. Diseases of the digestive organs of infectious origin (dysentery, salmonellosis).
4. Poisoning with drugs, poor-quality food and toxic metals.
5. Hepatitis.
6. Intoxication caused by psychotropic or narcotic substances, as well as alcoholic substances.

Methods of application and dosage:

For any poisoning, 25 g of activated charcoal is prescribed as a suspension (crush the tablets and stir in boiled water at room temperature). A similar suspension is used in the gastric lavage procedure. In addition, in case of poisoning, a mixture is prescribed in the following proportion: 2 shares of activated carbon, 1 share of magnesium oxide and 1 share of tannin (2 tablespoons per glass of water). With the manifestation of flatulence or heartburn, 2 g of activated charcoal mixed in heated water is taken.

Side effects when using:

Taking activated charcoal can cause diarrhea or constipation, the development of a lack of fats, vitamins and proteins. Due to the adsorbing properties, this drug reduces the effectiveness of the influence of other medications.

Contraindications for the use of the drug:

Storage conditions:

Stored in a dry place, away from products that emit vapors and gases.

Polysorb

Pharmacodynamics:

It has adsorbent properties. It binds and removes endogenous or exogenous toxins, allergens (bacterial and food) from organs. As well as highly toxic substances resulting from the breakdown of protein in the intestinal organs. Promotes the transport of toxic substances to the intestines from the lymph, blood.

The following indications for which Polysorb is used:

• Infectious bowel diseases (salmonellosis, escherichiosis, other foodborne infections).
• Hepatitis of viral origin.
• Various poisonings (including alcohol intoxication).

Methods of application and doses:

Polysorb is taken orally in the form of a suspension. The suspension is prepared in this way: 1 tablespoon of powder (1.2 g) is mixed in 1 cup of boiled water. Take one hour before meals and medicines. The daily dose is about 12g. With an exacerbation, the dose increases to 24 g (divided into 4-5 doses). One-time you can take about 7g of the drug.

Contraindications:

• You can not appoint children under one year.
• The presence of ulcerative and erosive lesions of the intestinal mucosa.
• Peptic ulcers in the period of exacerbation.
• Contraindicated in case of individual intolerance to the drug.
• Pregnancy.

Interactions with other substances:

When taken simultaneously with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), the process of decay of microelements increases. Also, when using Polysorb, the pharmacodynamic properties of nicotinic acid are enhanced.

Storage conditions:

Stored in sealed vials. The room temperature should not exceed 25 degrees Celsius. Keep away from children.

Shelf life:

Dry powder is stored up to 3 years. The prepared suspension can be used up to the expiration of 24 hours. The temperature should be approximately 10-15 degrees Celsius.

Carbolong

Carbolong is made in powdered form of activated charcoal derived from fruit pits. Possesses high sorbent properties.

Method and doses of application:

Carbolong is applied at 5-8g per dose 3 times / day. It is desirable to take from 2 to 15 days. Used orally as a mixture of powder and water. You can also use dry powder (drink with a glass of water).

Names of pills for alcohol poisoning of the symptomatic group

Zorex

Pharmacodynamics:

It has high detoxification, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. The main active substances that are part of the Zorex structure are unitiol and calcium pantothenate. As a result of the interaction of unithiol and the decay products of ethanol (other poisons), non-toxic complexes are formed, which the body gets rid of with urine. The presence of calcium pantothenate contributes to an increase in the effectiveness of the detoxification action of Zorex.

Pharmacokinetics:

Due to the intake of this drug, its highest concentration in the body occurs after an hour and a half. The maximum plasma concentration of Zorex lasts approximately 9 hours. The duration of stay in the digestive organs is several minutes (20-25). The time required for the breakdown of ethanol and other toxins is about 8 hours. With urine, an average of 55% of the drug is excreted from the body, the rest is excreted with excrement.

When Zorex is indicated:

• Alcoholism in the chronic stage.
• Acute alcohol poisoning.
• Poisoning caused by drugs from the group of cardiac glycosides.
• Intoxication with toxic metals.

Methods of application, doses:

It is taken before meals.

In the treatment of alcoholism: 1 capsule is taken 2 times / day (treatment duration - 10 days).

In the treatment of acute alcohol poisoning: a similar dosage is prescribed - 1 capsule 2 r / day. In case of exacerbation, the dose can be increased: 1 capsule 3 r / day. The duration of the course of therapy is several days (until the symptoms of poisoning disappear).

In the treatment of poisoning with toxic metals and arsenic compounds, the daily dose is increased: 350-1000 mg is divided into 3 doses. Must be taken for at least 7 days.

Side effect:

In cases of taking increased doses, the following symptoms may be observed: palpitations, nausea, weakness. Also very rarely allergic skin reactions can develop.

It is not recommended to take if the patient has hypersensitivity to this drug. Also, the use of Zorex is contraindicated if a person suffers from diseases associated with insufficient functioning of the kidneys and liver.

Overdose of the drug:

Exceeding the dose by several times (10 or more) can lead to convulsions, shortness of breath, a feeling of lethargy and lethargy. In this case, it is necessary to wash the stomach, take a laxative and activated charcoal.

Interaction of Zorex with other drugs:

The simultaneous use of Zorex with agents that contain toxic metals and alkalis leads to an increase in the rate of the drug's decay process.

Storage conditions:

It is necessary to store Zorex in a dark place, limited from moisture. The temperature is not higher than 25 degrees Celsius. Children's access to the storage place must be limited.

Biotredin

Refers to combination drugs. Biotredin consists of L-threonine and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride). This tool increases mental activity, normalizes the metabolic process. Helps to stop the symptoms of acute alcohol poisoning and chronic alcohol dependence.

Indications for use:

• It is used to treat alcoholism in the chronic stage.
• Constant craving for alcohol.
• A condition resulting from an abrupt cessation of alcohol intake (withdrawal syndrome).
• Decreased mental ability.

Method of application and dosage:

To neutralize the craving for alcohol, 0.1-0.3 g of Biotredin is prescribed for 1 dose. Take 4 r / day (5-7 days). The course of treatment can be repeated several times (7-10) per year.

To relieve alcohol withdrawal syndrome, up to 4 tablets can be prescribed. 4r/day. In subsequent days of therapy, the dose is reduced - 2 tab. 3r/day. Take for at least 1 month.

Contraindications for use:

Limontar

Pharmacodynamics:

The complex drug Limontar consists of citric and succinic acids.

Contributes to the normalization of metabolic processes in the tissues of the body. It has a high antioxidant activity. Stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, improves appetite. Relieves symptoms of alcohol poisoning, increases the overall performance of the body.

It is used to prevent alcohol intoxication. And also for withdrawal from hard drinking in chronic alcoholism.

Methods of application and dosage:

• Lemontar is intended for internal use. Apply in the form of a suspension with water or juice.
• For the purpose of preventive measures, take 0.25 g of the drug 1 hour before drinking alcohol.
• In acute alcohol intoxication, 0.25 g is used (number of doses - 4 times) every 2 hours.
• When removing from a drunken state, Limontar (0.25 g) is taken at 4 rubles / day for 5 to 10 days.
• It should be noted that with the simultaneous use of this drug with tranquilizers or barbiturates, the pharmacological effect of the latter is reduced.

By-effect:

When taking Limontar, there may be signs of increased blood pressure: tinnitus, dizziness, headache in the back of the head. As well as the appearance of pain in the stomach.

The drug should be stored in a dark dry place.

Yantavit

Pharmachologic effect:

The composition of the dietary supplement Yantavita is based on succinic acid, which has high adaptogenic properties. The action of Yantavit is aimed at strengthening the protective functions of the body, normalizing all metabolic processes, has an antihypoxic regenerative effect, and also improves the functioning of all organs and systems in cases of exposure to adverse factors.

Indications for use:

• Stressful state.
• Physical or mental fatigue.
• The period of treatment and rehabilitation of serious illnesses.
• Acute poisoning with toxic elements, including alcohol).
• Removal of symptoms of a hangover syndrome.

How to apply and dose:

For adults, the optimal dose per day is 1.0 g of the drug. Yantavit should be taken 1 tablet 2 times a day - in the morning and in the afternoon (with meals). You should not take it in the evening, as Yantavit has a tonic effect on the body. The duration of the course of admission is at least 1 month. In the middle of the course of therapy (after 2 weeks) it is necessary to take a break for 3 days. For good results, it is necessary to repeat the course of administration every 3 months.

Metadoxil

Pharmacodynamics:

It has a high detoxifying and hepatoprotective effect.

It activates the liver enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which are involved in the metabolism of ethanol, which leads to an acceleration of the elimination of ethanol and acetaldehyde.

It inhibits the formation of cirrhosis of the liver due to inhibition of the synthesis of fibronectin and collagen. Improves thinking and memory, reduces the risk of developing depressive disorders.

It is used in the treatment of alcoholism in acute and chronic stages. Also during the course of treatment of liver diseases caused by prolonged exposure to toxins on hepatocytes.

Pharmacological form of release - tablets, ampoules.

Methods of application: one-time inside (from 1 to 2 tablets), intravenously or intramuscularly (1-2 ampoules of 0.5 ml).

Contraindications for use:

Pregnancy, Parkinson's disease, drug hypersensitivity.

Glycine

Pharmachologic effect:

Glycine calms the nervous system, improves mood and removes depression. Stimulates mental abilities and improves the quality of sleep. Increases antitoxic activity in drug poisoning, as well as alcohol poisoning.

Indications for use:

• Discomfort and increased fatigue.
• Sleep disturbances caused by increased nervous excitement.
• Nervous disorders (also those caused by the long-term influence of alcohol).
• Nervousness as a result of stressful situations.
• Consequences of TBI.

What are the methods of application and dosage:

Glycine in the form of tablets is taken under the tongue (sublingually) or on the cheek (transbuccal) 1 tab. 3r/day. The duration of the treatment course is at least 1 month. In the treatment of diseases associated with alcohol dependence, the course of treatment is periodically repeated.

Glycine is contraindicated in children under 2 years of age, in patients with low blood pressure and in people who are hypersensitive to this drug.

Names of pills for nausea with alcohol poisoning

Anestezin

It has a local anesthetic pharmacological action.

Indications at which the application is assigned:

• Spasmodic pains in the region of the stomach.
• Nausea caused by alcohol poisoning.
• Redness and itching of the skin.

Methods of use and doses:

For internal use, anestezin is used in the form of powder and tablets. For pain in the stomach or nausea, 0.3 g of the drug is prescribed with a frequency of use 4 times a day. To stop the unpleasant symptoms of skin diseases, ointments and powders (5-10%) for external use are used.

Anestezin is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to the drug.

Validol

This drug has a sedative effect on the nervous system, as well as a reflex vasodilating effect on the vessels. Due to the presence of menthol, it reduces the likelihood of developing a gag reflex.

Indications for the use of the drug:

• Ischemic heart diseases.
• The occurrence of nausea and vomiting as a result of alcohol intoxication.
• Increased nervousness, hysteria.

Methods of use and doses:

Validol is available in tablet form (0.06 g) and as a solution. It is applied sublingually - put 1 tablet of validol under the tongue. You can also use a solution (5-6 drops). Due to this method of application, the pharmacological effect develops quite quickly.

Storage conditions:

Storage temperature - 20 degrees. If validol is stored as a solution, then the vials must be hermetically sealed.

Metoclopramide (Cerucal)

Pharmacodynamics:

This drug has an antiemetic and anti-icotic effect, activates the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract. By blocking the central and peripheral D2-dopamine receptors, it has an antiemetic effect. Favorably affects the functional efficiency of the digestive tract.

Indications for which it is applied:

• Vomiting, nausea of ​​various origins, with the exception of vestibular etiology.
• Acute and chronic stages of diseases of the organs involved in the processes of digestion: flatulence, GERD, biliary dyskinesia.
• Headache.
• Diagnostic studies.

Methods of application and therapeutic doses:

This drug is intended for both internal and parenteral administration.

Internal use: 1 tab. 3r / day 15-20 minutes before meals.

Parenteral use: 1 ampoule 2 times a day.

In diagnostic studies: 2 ampoules of metoclopramide (20 mg) are administered intravenously. Orally take 30 mg of the drug 20 minutes before the start of the procedure.

Side effect of the drug:

Occur extremely rarely. Sometimes a state of drowsiness may be felt. For this reason, people who are engaged in activities that require maximum concentration of attention should be taken with caution. The effects of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity have been proven.

Metoclopramide should be stored in a dry, dark place. Keep away from children.

Pills for alcohol poisoning make it easier to endure only a hangover. In case of acute intoxication, first you need to get the person out of the state of intoxication - rinse the stomach or induce vomiting artificially. Only after that you can connect medications. With constant and prolonged use of alcoholic beverages (chronic alcoholism), you should contact a narcologist. The best option is not to get involved in strong drinks. Then pills for alcohol poisoning will not be needed, as well as going to the doctor. Good health to you!

Symptoms after alcohol poisoning occur for several reasons. We will talk about them below. It should also be noted that such unpleasant signs of intoxication are pronounced. It's hard not to notice them.

general information

Alcohol poisoning (symptoms, home treatment will be described below) occupies a leading position in our country among all household poisoning. In more than 60% of cases, this condition is fatal. Most of them (about 95-98%) occur even before the provision of medical care.

So how to recognize the symptoms of severe alcohol poisoning and what measures to take in order to avoid tragic consequences? You will learn about this in the presented article.

What is alcohol?

Alcohol is called drinks that contain ethanol (wine or chemical colorless and volatile substance of moderate toxic activity, which is highly flammable. Ethanol can be mixed with ordinary water in any quantity. It dissolves easily in fats, and also easily penetrates through biological membranes and quickly spreads throughout the body.

Intoxication, poisoning, intoxication

Alcohol intoxication is a special state of the human NS, which occurs as a result of drinking drinks containing ethanol.

There are four degrees of intoxication:

• lung;
• average;
• heavy;
• coma.

At the initial stage, such a state is manifested by an unreasonably joyful, as well as high spirits (that is, euphoria). The consciousness of the intoxicated person is preserved (small disturbances may be observed). After a while, the thinking processes slow down. In addition, the mental and physical activity of a person decreases, his consciousness is oppressed, and he becomes slow, lethargic and drowsy.

With the development of coma, they speak of severe alcohol poisoning.

As for severe intoxication, this condition is associated with the toxic effect of ethanol breakdown products on the human body.

What are the symptoms of alcohol poisoning?

Speaking about the signs of alcohol poisoning, one cannot fail to note the fact that they can manifest themselves in different ways. It depends on the amount of alcohol consumed and the quality of the drinks. In addition, the symptom of alcohol poisoning is closely related to which system or organ of a person has been subjected to toxic effects.

gastrointestinal tract

With a primary lesion of the digestive system, a person experiences abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and nausea. What is the reason for each of the listed symptoms of alcohol poisoning?

Pain in the abdomen occurs due to the direct damaging effect of ethanol on the mucous membrane of the small intestine and stomach.

Diarrhea occurs due to a violation of the absorption of minerals, water and fats, as well as a rapidly occurring deficiency of an enzyme that is necessary for the absorption of lactose.

Nausea is a sign of general intoxication.

As for vomiting, most often it has a central character. In other words, it is associated with the toxic effect of alcohol on the central nervous system.

CNS

With damage to the nervous system in humans, the following are observed: mental agitation, delirium, euphoria, impaired coordination of movements, hallucinations, increased sweating, convulsions, a decrease in body temperature, dilated pupils, impaired attention, thermoregulation, as well as speech and perception.

Each symptom of alcohol poisoning mentioned is associated with impaired metabolism of nerve cells, oxygen starvation, the damaging effect of ethanol on the cells of the central nervous system, and the toxic effect of intermediate products of the breakdown of alcohol (acetate, acetaldehyde,

CCC

The first signs of alcohol poisoning from the heart are:

• decrease in blood pressure;
• cardiopalmus;
• dizziness;
• redness of the face;
• general weakness;
• pale skin;
• malaise.

The appearance of such symptoms is explained by the fact that the patient loses a lot of fluid during diarrhea or vomiting. Also, due to the increase in the permeability of the vascular walls, the fluid from the vascular bed passes into the space between the cells. To compensate for the volume of blood (circulating), the human body includes the following compensatory mechanisms: constriction of peripheral vessels and increased heart rate. Due to this, the blood is redistributed and saturates the more important organs.

Respiratory tract

How does alcohol poisoning affect the respiratory system? The symptoms of such a lesion are as follows:

• acute respiratory failure;
• noisy and rapid breathing.

The listed signs arise due to damage to the respiratory center, the development of cerebral edema and metabolic disorders. The occurrence of acute is associated with the ingress of vomit into the respiratory tract and reflex spasm of the bronchi, larynx.

renal system

With kidney damage, the patient has increased urination or, conversely, a decrease in urination (sometimes to complete absence).

Such conditions are due to the fact that by reducing secretion (of the hypothalamus, which retains water in the body), ethanol increases the process of urination. In addition, alcohol contributes to the removal of calcium, potassium, magnesium from the human body, disrupting their absorption in the intestine. Thus, there is a deficiency of these elements.

In severe cases, ethanol damages the structure of the kidneys.

Liver damage

Symptoms of alcoholic liver poisoning are also pronounced. These include severe pain in the right hypochondrium, as well as yellowing of the skin and sclera. Such signs arise due to the damaging effect of ethanol on liver cells and intracellular metabolic disorders.

Acute alcohol poisoning: symptoms

In severe poisoning, the patient may fall into a coma. At the same time, he loses consciousness, and also does not respond to any external stimuli (for example, loud sounds, patting on the cheeks, tingling, and others).

The concentration of alcohol in the systemic circulation, equal to 3 g / l and above, causes a coma. Currently, its two phases are distinguished: superficial and deep. Consider their symptoms in more detail.

• superficial coma.

This condition is characterized by: loss of consciousness, floating movements of the eyeballs, decreased pain sensitivity, excessive salivation, pupils of different sizes (constricted - dilated), reaction to irritation with protective movements or changes in facial expressions, palpitations, redness of the skin and membranes of the eyes, shortness of breath .

• deep coma.

Symptoms of alcohol surrogate poisoning are very often accompanied by a loss of pain sensitivity, a decrease in body temperature, the absence of tendon reflexes, convulsions, loss of muscle tone, a decrease in blood pressure, pallor or cyanosis of the skin, a decrease in the depth and frequency of breathing, a pronounced increase in heart rate.

The severity of alcohol intoxication

Symptoms of alcohol poisoning may be mild or severe. What does it depend on? We will give the answer to the question posed right now.

• The amount drunk. When large doses of ethanol enter the human body, especially at one time, the liver does not have time to process it. Thus, the products of incomplete alcohol decay accumulate in the blood, after which they damage such vital organs as the brain, liver, kidneys, heart, and others.
• Age. Children and the elderly are the most sensitive to the effects of alcohol. This is due to the fact that adolescents have not yet formed all the necessary neutralization mechanisms, and in the elderly they no longer perform their function in the required quality.
• Individual intolerance. Personal intolerance to ethanol and, as a result, the rapid development of intoxication is especially common in people. This is due to the fact that they have reduced activity of a special enzyme that is necessary for the complete breakdown of alcohol.
• Pregnancy, malnutrition, overwork, diseases of the pancreas, liver and diabetes. Such conditions reduce the work and neutralizing function of the main cleansing organ (liver).
• Combination of alcohol and drugs. The toxic effect of alcohol is increased several times when taken simultaneously with drugs such as tranquilizers, hypnotics, antidepressants, NSAIDs and others.
• additives and impurities. The toxic effect of alcohol increases due to such additives and impurities as methyl alcohol, aldehydes, higher alcohols, ethylene glycol, furfural and others.
• Ethanol consumption on an empty stomach. When alcohol is taken on an empty stomach, it is absorbed into the blood in half the dose, which can lead to severe poisoning.

What to do with intoxication?

Now you know why alcohol poisoning occurs. The symptoms and treatment of this condition are presented in this article.

If you notice that your friend has become ill after drinking alcohol, you should immediately call an ambulance. This is due to the following points:

• A severe pathological condition caused by alcohol intoxication often leads to death.
• Only an experienced doctor is able to assess the condition of the victim and prescribe treatment.
• Therapy of poisoning requires the use of a number of medications.
• In most cases, the treatment of severe alcohol intoxication is carried out in the intensive care unit or intensive care unit.

First aid at home

How should alcohol poisoning be treated (symptoms and treatment of this condition are described in this article)? First, you need to call a specialist. While the doctor is on the way, it is required to provide first aid to the victim. What is it?

• Ensuring airway patency. To do this, you need to remove the patient's tongue (when it retracts), and then clean the oral cavity. If possible, use a rubber bulb. With excessive salivation, the patient should be administered intravenously 1.0-0.1% atropine. These measures are necessary for an adequate supply of oxygen and to prevent blockage of the upper respiratory tract.
• Give the victim the correct position (on his side) and fix his tongue (for example, press it with a finger or a spoon).
• Perform artificial respiration and indirect heart massage (when breathing and heart stops). Such procedures must be carried out before the appearance of a heartbeat and breathing.
• Bring the victim back to consciousness if he has lost it. To do this, it is necessary to bring cotton wool with ammonia to the nose of the patient.
• Induce vomiting (only if the person is conscious). To do this, he must be given a saline solution or a special agent that causes vomiting. This procedure is effective only in the first hours after the use of ethanol.

If the above methods do not help, then resort to the following:

• Gastric lavage. The victim is given the maximum amount of water, and then pressed on the root of the tongue.
• Warming up the patient. The person is placed in a warm bed, wrapped in a blanket.
• Reception of the adsorbent. The victim is given sorbents that can absorb various types of toxins. They accelerate the neutralization and removal of alcohol from the body.

Medicines for the treatment of alcohol poisoning

In the hospital, the victim may be prescribed the following means:

• The drug "Metadoxil" intramuscularly. This is a medication that was created specifically for the treatment of alcohol poisoning. It increases the activity of enzymes that are responsible for the utilization of ethanol. Thus, the agent in question accelerates the processing and removal of alcohol. In addition, it restores liver cells and improves the mental state of the victim.
• Vitamins and glucose mixed in one syringe. Such a cocktail improves metabolic processes, and also accelerates the neutralization and elimination of ethanol. In addition, it reduces the risk of alcohol-related psychosis.
• Droppers for water-mineral balance. They improve blood circulation through the vessels, and also help restore the necessary water and mineral balance.

It should also be noted that the symptoms of alcohol poisoning of the pancreas and liver require the use of hepatoprotectors. Such medicines improve the functioning of the mentioned organs, restore damaged cells and accelerate the neutralization of ethanol.

Often, with alcohol intoxication, doctors use the drugs "Pirozol" and "Fomepizol". These are the latest antidotes used for ethylene glycol and methyl alcohol poisoning. They reduce the activity of the liver enzyme and interrupt the formation of toxic elements.

Alcoholic poisoning in Russia occupies a leading position among household poisonings. Alcohol accounts for more than 60% of all fatal poisonings. Most deaths (95%-98%) occur before medical care is provided. How to recognize alcohol poisoning, and what measures should be taken to avoid tragic consequences?

ethanol(ethyl or wine alcohol) - a chemical substance of moderate toxic activity, colorless, volatile, flammable. Miscible with water in any quantity, easily soluble in fats. It spreads rapidly throughout the body, easily penetrates biological membranes.

Interesting facts about alcohol

• Ethanol is a natural substance for our body. Normally, ethanol is formed during the metabolism of various substances, as well as during fermentation in the intestines. However, its concentration is minimal (0.003 g/l) and does not pose a threat to health.
• In the stomach, 20% of the ethanol taken is absorbed, the remaining 80% is absorbed in the small intestine.
• On an empty stomach, half of the dose of ethanol is absorbed into the blood in 15 minutes. On average, after 1 hour 30 minutes, the maximum concentration of ethanol is observed in the blood.
• Strong (more than 30 degrees) and carbonated alcoholic drinks are most quickly absorbed into the blood.
• The absorption rate of ethanol increases with repeated doses and with diseases of the stomach (gastritis, peptic ulcer).
• Food in the stomach reduces the rate of absorption of ethanol. In this regard, the consumption of alcoholic beverages on a full stomach is one of the preventions of alcohol poisoning. As a rule, simultaneous consumption of 0.5 liters of vodka by adults will cause alcohol poisoning. However, the same amount of vodka drunk during the day will only maintain a state of intoxication.
• Having a good ability to dissolve in fats, ethanol easily penetrates the body through the skin. Fatal cases of poisoning in children are described when alcohol extracts of plants are used for compresses and wraps.
• Ethanol easily crosses the placental barrier and is distributed throughout the fetal body. The toxic effect of alcohol on the fetus is much stronger than on the mother's body.
• The average lethal dose of alcohol is 300 ml of 96% ethanol in a single dose.
• Ethanol is excreted from the body in three main ways: 1) 2-4% of ethanol is excreted through the kidneys, 2) through the lungs 3-7%, 3) up to 90-95% of ethanol is processed in the liver, where it is eventually broken down to carbon dioxide and water.

What are the symptoms and signs of alcohol poisoning?

The first signs of alcohol poisoning

Drinking alcohol can cause three different conditions:

State	Characteristic
Alcohol intoxication 4 degrees of intoxication: Light Medium heavy	The patient's consciousness is preserved, but there may be slight disturbances. A person initially experiences high spirits, emotional arousal, euphoria. Then the thinking processes slow down, both mental and physical activity decrease, consciousness is depressed, the person becomes lethargic, slow, drowsy.
alcohol poisoning	In the case of a coma, they talk about alcohol poisoning.
Alcohol intoxication	The toxic effect of ethanol breakdown products on the body, while ethanol itself is not detected in the blood.

The first symptoms of alcohol poisoning and the mechanisms of their occurrence

What is affected?	Symptoms	Origin mechanism
Gastrointestinal tract	Abdominal pain Diarrhea Nausea Vomit	Pain - a direct damaging effect of ethanol on the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine Diarrhea - malabsorption of water and minerals, fats; a rapidly occurring deficiency of an enzyme necessary for the digestion of lactose Nausea is a sign of general intoxication Vomiting - often has a central character, that is, is associated with the toxic effect of ethanol on the central nervous system
central nervous system	Mental arousal Euphoria Delusions, hallucinations Possible convulsions Violation of attention, speech, perception Impaired coordination of movements Violation of thermoregulation Decrease in body temperature Increased sweating pupil dilation	The damaging effect of ethanol on the nerve cells of the central nervous system Violation of the metabolism of nerve cells, oxygen starvation Toxic effect of ethanol breakdown intermediates (acetaldehyde, acetate, ketone bodies)
The cardiovascular system	Cardiopalmus Redness of the face, pallor of the skin (in a serious condition) Dizziness General weakness, malaise	A patient during vomiting, diarrhea loses a lot of fluid from the body. In addition, due to an increase in the permeability of the vascular wall, fluid from the vascular bed passes into the intercellular space. To compensate for the volume of circulating blood, the body includes a number of compensatory mechanisms: increased heart rate, constriction of peripheral vessels, thus redistributing blood to more important organs.
Respiratory system	Breathing fast, noisy Acute respiratory failure	Damage to the respiratory center, metabolic disorders, development of cerebral edema Compensatory mechanism to restore the acid-base balance. Acute respiratory failure - retraction of the tongue, ingress of vomit into the respiratory tract, reflex spasm of the larynx, bronchi)
Violation of water-mineral balance, kidney damage	Increased urination Decreased urination up to complete absence (in severe stages!)	Ethanol increases urination by reducing secretion antidiuretic hormone(hormone of the hypothalamus that retains water in the body). Also, ethanol removes potassium, calcium, magnesium from the body, disrupting their absorption in the intestine. In the body there is a deficiency of Ca, K, Mg. In severe stages, ethanol damages the structural elements of the kidney.
Liver damage	Pain in the right hypochondrium Maybe: Jaundice of the sclera, skin	Direct damaging effect on liver cells, violation of intracellular metabolism.

Severe alcohol poisoning

In severe cases, the patient falls into a coma, that is, loses consciousness and does not respond to external stimuli (pats on the cheeks, loud noises, tingling, etc.). The concentration of ethanol in the blood of 3 g / l or more causes a coma.
There are 2 phases of alcoholic coma: superficial coma and deep.

Coma phase:	Symptoms
superficial coma	Loss of consciousness Decreased pain sensitivity Floating eyeball movements Different pupils in the eyes (narrowed in one, dilated in the other) Respond to irritation by changing facial expressions or defensive movements The face and mucous membranes of the eyes are often red Excessive salivation Cardiopalmus Dyspnea
deep coma	Complete loss of pain sensation Decreased or absent tendon reflexes Loss of muscle tone Decrease in body temperature Skin is pale, cyanotic Possible convulsions Decreased depth and frequency of breathing Pronounced increase in heart rate (more than 120 beats per minute) Lowering blood pressure

What determines the severity of alcohol poisoning?

Factor	Why?
The amount of alcohol taken	When large doses of alcohol enter the body, especially in one go, the liver (the main organ responsible for the neutralizing function of the body) simply does not have time to process it. And ethanol, as well as the products of its incomplete decay, accumulate in the blood and damage vital organs (brain, kidneys, liver, heart, etc.). A healthy liver of a man weighing 80 kg in 1 hour completely processes only 8 grams. pure alcohol. For example, 100 ml of 40 degree vodka contains 31.6 gr. pure alcohol.
Age	The most sensitive to the effects of alcohol are children and the elderly. In children, the mechanisms of neutralization have not yet fully formed in the liver. In older people, these mechanisms no longer perform their function adequately.
Individual intolerance	Most often, alcohol intolerance and the rapid development of alcohol poisoning occur among people of the Mongoloid race. They have a genetically determined low activity of a special enzyme necessary for the complete breakdown of ethanol (aldehyde dehydrogenase). Intoxication occurs as a result of the accumulation of the product of the incomplete breakdown of ethanol (acetaldehyde).
Overwork, malnutrition, pregnancy, liver disease, pancreas, diabetes.	All of these conditions reduce liver function, including the neutralizing function.
Simultaneous intake of alcohol with medications	The toxic effect of ethanol is enhanced when taken simultaneously with the following drugs: sleeping pills, tranquilizers, antidepressants, painkillers (morphine, omnopon), etc.
Impurities and additives	The toxic effect of ethanol increases due to impurities and additives: methyl alcohol, higher alcohols, aldehydes, furfural, ethylene glycol, etc.
Alcohol consumption on an empty stomach	On an empty stomach, half of the dose taken is absorbed into the blood in 15 minutes. The use of alcohol with food, especially with carbohydrate food, significantly reduces the rate of its absorption and thereby reduces the rapid increase in the concentration of ethanol in the blood.

How to drink without getting drunk and avoid a hangover? There are many "proven" folk remedies, but, unfortunately, not all of them work as they should. In the arsenal of medicine there is a reliable remedy - PEPIDOL.
With PEPIDOL, everything is simple: they took 50 milliliters of the solution 15-30 minutes before the feast and 50 milliliters in the morning. Intoxication after drinking alcohol, of course, occurs, but due to the fact that PEPIDOL envelops the intestinal wall, this happens much more slowly. In addition, PEPIDOL is an excellent sorbent. It helps to eliminate poisons, toxins, products of alcohol metabolism from the body. Like and drank, but you feel like a "cucumber". It turns out that PEPIDOL is something like a tool for a real scout, when after drinking you can easily control everything.
It should be noted that PEPIDOL works even when the hangover has already set in. In this situation, you also need to take 50 milliliters of the solution and 50 milliliters after three hours.

Poisoning by alcohol substitutes

Alcohol surrogates- These are various types of liquids that are not designed for ingestion, but they are used instead of alcoholic beverages to achieve a state of intoxication.
Types of surrogates:

• Colognes, lotions, various medicinal tinctures (hawthorn, motherwort, etc.)
• Technical fluids (brake fluid, antifreeze, windshield wipers, etc.)
• Methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol are the most dangerous surrogates.

In general, the symptoms of poisoning with alcohol substitutes are similar to ethanol poisoning. First of all, these are: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, malaise, general weakness, impaired coordination of movements, lethargy, drowsiness, impaired consciousness. However, poisoning with methyl alcohol and ethanol has a number of features and is particularly severe.

Methyl alcohol poisoning

Methyl alcohol is found in: car glass cleaners and solvents. In the body, methyl alcohol is oxidized to formaldehyde and formic acid, which carry out the main toxic effect. Symptoms of poisoning occur 12-24 hours after consumption. Symptoms: headache, nausea, persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, malaise, visual impairment(flies, fog before the eyes, double vision, blindness). When poisoning with methyl alcohol, the retina and optic nerve are very often affected, which in many cases leads to blindness. Persistent pupil dilation in case of poisoning is considered an unfavorable prognostic sign. In severe cases, death occurs from respiratory paralysis and impaired cardiovascular activity.

Ethylene glycol poisoning

Ethylene glycol is found in: brake fluid, antifreeze, solvents, glass cleaners. When ethylene glycol enters the body during its decay, glycolic and oxalic acids are formed, which determine the severe course of poisoning. Oxalic acid forms insoluble salts that clog the renal tubules, causing acute renal failure. Severe symptoms of poisoning occur 4-8 hours after the use of ethylene glycol. Symptoms: nausea, repeated vomiting, mental and physical agitation, tremor, convulsions, depression of consciousness, coma. 2-3 days after poisoning, symptoms of acute renal failure occur: acute pain in the lower back, abdomen, urine of the color of "meat slops", a decrease in the amount of urine.

What to do in case of alcohol poisoning?

Do I need to call an ambulance?
Not really	Why?
Yes need! This must be done as early as possible.	Alcohol poisoning is a serious pathological condition that often leads to death. Only a specialist is able to objectively assess the patient's condition. Treatment of alcohol poisoning requires the introduction of a number of medications. In most cases, the treatment of alcohol poisoning is carried out in the intensive care unit and resuscitation. Untimely and incorrectly rendered first aid often leads to death. 95% of all deaths from alcohol poisoning occur before first aid is provided.

First aid for alcohol poisoning

What to do?		How?	For what?
Ensure airway patency		Take out the tongue, when it retracts Clean your mouth If possible, use a rubber bulb to remove the contents of the oral cavity (mucus, saliva, vomit residues) In case of excessive salivation, inject 1.0-0.1% atropine intravenously	Ensure an adequate supply of oxygen. Prevent upper airway blockage.
Correctly lay the patient, fix the tongue		The patient should be placed on the side Press the tongue to prevent it from sinking (you can press the tongue with a spoon or finger, it is better to wrap a napkin or handkerchief around your finger so that the tongue does not slip out)	To prevent vomit from entering the respiratory tract. Tongue drop is a common cause of death in unconsciousness.
In case of cardiac and respiratory arrest, perform chest compressions and artificial respiration		2 breaths and 30 chest compressions constitute one resuscitation cycle. Repeat until breathing and heartbeat appear or until the ambulance arrives. It is better to do it in pairs, alternately changing so that the clicks are effective.	The method is able to restart cardiac and respiratory activity or support vital organs until specialized help arrives.
Bring to consciousness if the patient is unconscious		Bring a cotton swab with ammonia up to 1 cm from the nose	Ammonia has an awakening effect, stimulates breathing.
induce vomiting (if the patient is conscious!)		Drink 1-3 cups of salt solution (1 tsp to 1 cup of warm water) Take an emetic (ipecac root) in a glass of water 2 tsp.	The procedure is effective first hours after drinking alcohol. Since the complete absorption of ethanol from the digestive tract into the blood takes 40-90 minutes (on an empty stomach). Vomiting is contraindicated in the unconscious state and in the case of a serious condition of the patient. Since there is a high risk of vomit entering the respiratory tract, which can lead to serious consequences, even death.
Perform gastric lavage		If possible, do gastric lavage through a tube Drink as much water as possible, then press on the root of the tongue to induce vomiting. Repeat until clean vomit. (Water can be salted for 1 liter 1 tsp)	The method is effective only for the first hours of poisoning. Within 1-2 hours, most of the ethanol is absorbed into the blood. After 2-3 hours from the moment of alcohol intake, gastric lavage is ineffective.
Warm the sick		Place in a warm room, wrap in a blanket, dress, etc.	Alcohol causes peripheral vasodilation, which is accompanied by a strong loss of heat.
Accept adsorbent(a substance capable of absorbing various types of toxins) activated charcoal, white charcoal, polysorb, entorosgel, etc.		White coal: 3-4 tablets, up to 3-4 times a day Enterosgel: 6 tablespoons, once. Polysorb: Adults 2-3 tablespoons, mixed with ¼-½ cup of water. Activated carbon: 1 gram per 10 kg of patient weight, 1 tab. \u003d 0.25 gr. On average, 30-40 tab. appointment. For greater efficiency, the tablets should be crushed into powder and diluted in 100-200 ml of water. The average daily dose is 20-30 gr., 80-120 tab.	Adsorbents are most effective for the first hours of poisoning. They bind and remove alcohol from the body, which did not have time to be absorbed into the blood.
Take substances that accelerate the neutralization and removal of ethanol from the body		Metadoxyl dose 300-600 mg (5-10 ml), intramuscularly; Or add 300-900 mg of metadoxil to 500 ml of saline or 5% glucose solution, inject intravenously over 90 minutes. Vitamins + Glucose Traditionally mixed in one syringe: 1) Vit. B1 (thiamine) 2ml-5%; 2) vit. B6 (pyridoxine) 3 ml-5%; 3) vit.C (ascorbic acid) 5-10ml-5%; 4)10-20 ml 40% glucose Enter intravenously. Bee honey 100-200 grams in 2-3 doses (honey contains a large amount of fructose)	Metadoxil is a drug created specifically for the treatment of alcohol intoxication. Increases the activity of enzymes responsible for the utilization of ethanol. Thus, it accelerates the processes of processing and removing ethanol. Restores liver cells. Improves the mental state of patients. Do not use in case of poisoning with surrogates (methanol, ethylene glycol), in this case their toxic effect will only increase. Vitamins, glucose, fructose, improve metabolic processes, accelerate the processes of neutralization and elimination of ethanol. Thiamine reduces the risk of alcoholic psychosis.
Restore water and mineral balance		Droppers: Sodium bicarbonate 4%-400 ml Hemodez 400 ml Quartosol, acesol 500 ml Drink up: Pickle (cucumber, cabbage) Mineral water (0.5-1.5 l)	Solutions improve circulation through the vessels, restore the necessary water and mineral balance. Neutralize and remove toxins from the blood.
Accept Hepatoprotectors		Ademetionine (Heptral) 2-4 tablets a day for 2 weeks, 1 tablet = 400mg Essentiale 1-2 capsules 3 times a day, course from 3 to 6 months. 1 caps = 300 mg	Restore damaged liver cells, improve their function, accelerate the processes of ethanol neutralization.
In case of poisoning methyl alcohol or ethylene glycol drink ethyl alcohol		For the first time hours of poisoning to drink high-quality strong alcohol: 200 ml cognac, whiskey, vodka 40-50 ml of vodka 40 deg. every 3 hours 4-methylpyrazole, 10 mg per 1 kg of body weight, together with an aqueous solution of ethanol 200 ml orally, every 3-4 hours	Ethyl alcohol acts as an antidote, it stops the breakdown of methyl alcohol into toxic substances (formic acid and formaldehyde). 4-methylpyrazole (pyrozole, fomepisol) is the newest antidote for poisoning with methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol. The drug reduces the activity of the liver enzyme (alcohol dehydrogenase), thereby interrupting the formation of toxic substances from the above alcohols.

What can not be done with alcohol poisoning?

• Lay the patient on his back, there is a high risk that he will choke on vomit
• Give alcohol again, unless it's methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning
• Take a cold shower. With alcohol poisoning, the processes of thermoregulation are disturbed, the body already suffers from heat loss. Cold showers can only make matters worse.
• Force the victim to get up and walk. At the time of poisoning, all organs and systems work in extreme mode, and any additional stress can damage them.
• Do not leave the patient alone. For example: the victim can lose consciousness at any time, and suffocate if the tongue sinks.
• Do not induce vomiting, do not do gastric lavage if the patient is unconscious (at home). There is a high risk of gastric juice entering the respiratory tract and developing acute respiratory failure.

Complications of alcohol poisoning

• Acute toxic hepatitis
• Acute liver failure
• Alcoholic delirium ("delirious tremens"), delirium, hallucinations
• Syndrome Mendelssohn(Mendelssohn's syndrome is a serious condition in which acute respiratory failure develops due to the ingress of gastric juice into the respiratory tract). With alcohol poisoning, the syndrome often develops if vomit enters the respiratory tract.

Prevention of alcohol poisoning

• Don't drink alcohol on an empty stomach
• Do not drink alcohol in large doses
• Do not drink alcohol in case of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, overwork, malnutrition
• Do not drink alcohol while taking medications (antidepressants, sleeping pills, painkillers, etc.)
• Eat a heavy meal before drinking
• Eating after drinking alcohol
• Try not to combine different alcoholic drinks
• Try to take alcoholic beverages in ascending degrees
• Do not drink low-quality alcoholic beverages
• The best prevention is NOT to drink at all!