Experiments with citric acid. Joint experimentation activity "Miracle Lemon" (senior group)

Alexandra Ivanovna Yurina

Lemon one of the most popular citrus crops. The sour taste of a juicy citrus fruit is traditionally considered an effective remedy for colds, especially in winter and autumn, this problem is more relevant. In our kindergarten, tea with lemon wedges is often served for breakfast. And then we decided to find out why lemons? Why are they so useful and where else can you use it?

Purpose of the study: Find out what substances are in the composition of the lemon, and how they help people, as well as learn the various ways to use it.

Tasks:

1. To study the literature about the history of lemon and its properties.

2. Visually get to know the fruit using poems, riddles, sayings.

3. Conduct a series of experiments on the interaction of lemon with other substances.

4. Find out where else lemon juice and peel are used.

5. Prove the importance of using lemon in people's lives.

Object of study: lemon

Subject of study: lemon properties

Research methods:

The study of literature and Internet resources on the topic

Experimenting with Lemon and Lemon Juice

Own observations

Study plan:

Definition of the topic, goals and objectives:

Hypothesis:

Choice of research methods.

Main part

1. Theoretical part

Lemon - a plant of the citrus family, an evergreen tree from 3 to 7 meters high with thorny branches and bright white flowers. Lemon is also called the fruit of this plant. They are grown everywhere in warm countries.

Numerous varieties of lemon in culture are divided into two groups - tree-like (these are trees up to 6 meters high) and bushy (small up to 3 - 4 meters high). Bush varieties produce less yield than tree varieties.

About the birthplace of the lemon.

India is considered the birthplace of the lemon, however, it remains unknown exactly where it was grown. In the beginning, lemons were brought and grown in Italy, and later there is evidence of growing lemons in the territories of Egypt, and further around the world. The leading producers and deliverers of lemons to us are currently Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey. In Russia, lemons are successfully grown in the Caucasus.

The lemon tree is constantly in a state of growth, so it is more sensitive to cold than orange citruses and is the worst at coping and recovering from frostbite. A sharp drop in temperature to -6 degrees below zero will seriously harm the tree. On the other hand, lemon produces more fruit in areas with a cool summer period. Thus, all this makes us understand that there are not many places on earth for the normal growth of a lemon.

Lemon tree in the room

Citrus plants, such as lemon, orange, tangerine, grapefruit, are not at all difficult to grow at home, but they are not easy to care for. Lemon makes the best indoor content. When good conditions are created, a plant grown from a seed develops quickly, turning into a beautiful tree. However, flowering of such a "wild" form of lemon will have to wait 8-10 years or even more. With good care and proper pruning of the crown, indoor citrus fruits already bear their first fruits in the third year, and from four to five years they begin to produce 50-60 pieces annually.

The benefits and harms of lemon

Vitamins: A, B1, B2, B5, B6, B9, C, E, PP.

Macronutrients: potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine.

Trace elements: boron, iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, fluorine, zinc. In addition, lemon contains digestible carbohydrates, proteins, fats, organic acids, dietary fiber, water and ash. Lemon has a broad antiseptic effect, kills harmful bacteria, prevents tissue decay, and is widely used in the treatment of respiratory viral diseases that affect the respiratory tract. The acids contained in this fruit are both the benefits and harms of lemon. Lemon is contraindicated for people with stomach diseases, as it can cause pain.

In dentistry, the benefits and harms of lemon are also widely noted. On the one hand, lemon is an excellent prophylactic against bleeding gums, helps to strengthen them, whitens teeth and eliminates plaque. Speaking about the benefits of lemon, it is necessary to warn about the possible harm. In order not to destroy tooth enamel, it is better to drink lemon juice, even diluted, through a straw, and then rinse your mouth thoroughly.

Tea with lemon should be consumed without the seeds of the fruit, as they have the opposite effect (they contain harmful substances) and neutralize all the beneficial effects of lemon.

Also, lemon is contraindicated in children under three years of age, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers.

One way or another, the benefits of lemon for the human body are quite large, therefore, using this product in moderation, only positive properties can be distinguished from it. The harm from a lemon manifests itself mainly only when it is overeaten, so the correct intake of this fruit makes it absolutely safe.

Interesting facts related to lemon.

Fact #1: Salt and lemon

If you have salted a dish, do not rush to dilute it with water - this will ruin its taste. Add lemon juice and the taste of the dish becomes pleasant again. True, such a dish cannot be called useful: after all, an excess of salt and acids are never good for health.

Fact #2: Pair performance

At gala dinners, blueberries are usually served only paired with lemon. The fact is that blueberries instantly stain teeth and tongue black, while lemon acts as a savior - it cleans teeth and tongue from the blackness of blueberries.

Fact #3:"Indian Apples"

From a trip to India, one traveler brought the fruits of lemons, which we began to call "Indian apples" in Russia. The taste of those lemons was such that they were eaten without wrinkling, that is, they were sweet.

Fact #4: Helps to sleep

Lemon helps to overcome insomnia and spring bad mood. However, for this you need to eat a whole lemon throughout the day.

Fact #5:

2. Practical part

EXPERIENCE #1

Target: Find out how lemon affects the natural dye contained in tea.

We needed: 2 glasses, tea bags, boiling water, lemon slices.

Boiling water was poured into glasses, strong tea was brewed. In one of the glasses put a few slices of fresh lemon. After a while, we observe that tea with lemon has become much lighter, more aromatic and tastier.

CONCLUSION: Tea contains dyes that color hot water, and citric acid brightens it.

EXPERIENCE #2

Target: Learn how lemon juice behaves when it comes into contact with dyes.

We needed: napkins, watercolors and a brush, freshly squeezed lemon juice.

They dripped watercolor paint on a napkin, then poured lemon juice on top of these spots, the stain began to brighten and almost disappeared.

CONCLUSION: Lemon juice can serve as a safe stain remover.

EXPERIENCE #3

Target: Find out what happens to lemon juice when heated.

We needed: Sheets of white paper, lemon juice, cotton swabs, iron.

Cotton buds were dipped in lemon juice and a picture was drawn on a white sheet of paper. After our sheet was dry (the pattern on it is almost invisible), we heated it with an iron and now our pattern appeared and became bright and noticeable.

CONCLUSION: Lemon juice darkens when heated.

EXPERIENCE #4

Target: Find out what happens when you combine baking soda, lemon juice and water.

We needed: A glass of water, baking soda, lemon soda.

CONCLUSION: When soda and lemon juice interact, a reaction is created by which, when water is added, lemonade can be prepared.

EXPERIENCE #5

Target: Find out which lemon is heavier peeled or peeled.

We needed: 2 lemons, one peeled, the second in a peel, 2 vessels with water.

We lower the lemon in the peel into one vessel, and peeled into the second. In the course of the experiment, we observe that the fruit without the peel drowned, and not the peeled one surfaced.

CONCLUSION: Lemon peel contains air bubbles.

Recipe for candied lemon wedges:

Six medium sized lemons

2 cups sugar (maybe a little less)

2 glasses of water

4 tablespoons powdered sugar

You will need a small saucepan with a thick bottom or a saucepan, parchment (baking paper, a baking sheet and, of course, an oven.

Wash the lemons

cut into slices of 0.3-0.5 cm.

You won't need fat "butts" from lemons, you can throw them away.

In a saucepan, boil the syrup:

bring water to a boil

add sugar,

stir until completely dissolved

put slices of lemons into the syrup.

Minimize fire as much as possible

boil candied fruits in syrup first with a slightly ajar lid (at least an hour,

The syrup should become thick and dark, and the lemon slices should be transparent or translucent.

Now you can carefully remove the lemon slices from the syrup

and place on a baking sheet lined with parchment

since they are very hot, it is better to do this with small tweezers or a toothpick.

You do not need to wait until the syrup cools down, it will thicken a lot.

something like this should look like candied lemon at the end.

The victory of our Lemons

IV regional educational and practical

conferences for younger students

"My First Discoveries"

Conclusion

We believe that the goals and objectives of our research work have been achieved. The experiments, reading the literature and studying plot pictures allowed us not only to formulate the correct conclusions about the benefits of lemon, but also to learn the history of this fruit and where it is used. Lemon properties are quite diverse. Lemon serves as a tonic, whitening, flavoring, restorative, regenerating, bactericidal substance.

Lemon is widely used in cooking, cosmetology and at home. Indeed, this yellow and sour "foreigner" is a useful fruit, a mysterious fruit, a magical and mysterious fruit.

This is where we want to end our research, we ourselves did not even expect that the lemon would turn out to be such an amazing fruit.

Light a light bulb with... a lemon!

Complexity:

Danger:

Do this experiment at home

Safety

Before starting the experiment, put on protective gloves and goggles.

Do the experiment on a tray.

General safety rules

• Avoid getting chemicals in your eyes or mouth.
• Do not allow people without goggles, as well as small children and animals, to the experiment site.
• Keep the experimental kit out of the reach of children under 12 years of age.
• Wash or clean all equipment and accessories after use.
• Make sure all reagent containers are tightly closed and properly stored after use.
• Make sure all disposable containers are properly disposed of.
• Use only the equipment and reagents supplied in the kit or recommended in the current instructions.
• If you have used a food container or experiment utensils, discard them immediately. They are no longer suitable for food storage.

First Aid Information

• If reagents come into contact with eyes, rinse eyes thoroughly with water, keeping eyes open if necessary. Seek immediate medical attention.
• If swallowed, rinse mouth with water, drink some clean water. Don't induce vomiting. Seek immediate medical attention.
• In case of inhalation of reagents, remove the victim to fresh air.
• In case of skin contact or burns, flush the affected area with plenty of water for 10 minutes or longer.
• If in doubt, consult a doctor immediately. Take a chemical reagent and a container from it with you.
• In case of injury, always consult a doctor.

• Improper use of chemicals can cause injury and damage to health. Carry out only the experiments specified in the instructions.
• This set of experiments is intended only for children 12 years of age and older.
• The abilities of children differ significantly even within an age group. Therefore, parents conducting experiments with their children should decide at their own discretion which experiments are suitable for their children and will be safe for them.
• Parents should discuss safety rules with their child or children before experimenting. Particular attention must be paid to the safe handling of acids, alkalis and flammable liquids.
• Before starting experiments, clear the place of experiments from objects that may interfere with you. Storage of foodstuffs near the test site should be avoided. The test site should be well ventilated and close to a faucet or other source of water. For experiments, you need a stable table.
• Substances in disposable packaging should be used completely or disposed of after one experiment, i.e. after opening the package.

FAQ

The LED is off. What to do?

First, make sure that the plates in the lemon do not touch each other.

Secondly, check the quality of the connection of crocodiles with metal plates.

Thirdly, make sure that the LED is connected correctly: the black crocodile is attached to the short “leg”, the red one to the long one. In this case, the crocodiles should not touch the other “leg”, otherwise the circuit will close!

The juice near the magnesium plate sizzles. This is fine?

Everything is fine. Magnesium is an active metal and reacts with citric acid to form magnesium citrate and release hydrogen.

Other experiments

Step-by-step instruction

1. Take 2 magnesium plates from the jar labeled "Mg".
2. Prepare 2 crocodile clips: 1 black and 1 white. Connect the magnesium plates to the black and white crocodiles.
3. Take 2 copper plates from the jar labeled "Cu".
4. Connect the copper plate to the free end of the white alligator. Connect the copper plate to the red crocodile.
5. Cut the lemon in half. Insert copper and magnesium plates into one half of the lemon at a small distance from each other (about 1 cm). Repeat with the other two slices, using the other half of the lemon. Make sure the plates are not touching.
6. Take the LED. Connect the free end of the red crocodile to the long leg of the LED. Connect the free end of the black crocodile to the short leg of the LED. The LED will light up!

Disposal

Dispose of the solid waste of the experiment with household waste. Drain the solutions into the sink and then rinse thoroughly with water.

What happened

Why does the diode start to glow?

Under the conditions of the experiment, a chemical reaction occurs: electrons from magnesium Mg are transferred to copper Cu. This movement of electrons is an electric current. Passing through the LED, it causes it to glow. Thus, the installation assembled in this experiment acts as a battery - a chemical source of current.

To learn more

The participants in this experiment - copper Cu and magnesium Mg - are very similar. Both are metals. This means that they are quite malleable, shiny, conduct electricity and heat well. All these properties are consequences of the internal structure of metals. It can be thought of as positive ions arranged in a certain order, which are held together with the help of electrons common to the entire piece of metal. It is because of this commonality that electrons can “walk” throughout the entire volume of the metal.

Despite the common motifs in the structure, copper and magnesium differ from each other. The total "pack" of electrons is held in a piece of copper more strongly than in the case of magnesium. Therefore, purely theoretically, we can imagine a process in which electrons from magnesium "run away" to copper. However, this will lead to an increase in charges: positive in magnesium and negative in copper. This cannot continue for a long time: due to mutual repulsion, it will be unprofitable for negatively charged electrons to move further into copper. The charge is thus collected at the contact surface of two different metals.

Curiously, the degree of electron transfer from one metal to another depends on temperature. This connection is used in electronic devices that measure temperature. The simplest such device that uses this effect is thermocouple. Now the use of thermocouples is ubiquitous, and they are the basis of electronic thermometers.

Let's go back to our experience. In order for electrons to constantly run from magnesium to copper, and the process itself to become irreversible, it is necessary to remove the positive charge from magnesium and the negative charge from copper. This is where lemon comes into play. It is important what kind of environment it creates for the copper and magnesium plates stuck into it. Everyone knows that lemon has a sour taste mainly due to the citric acid contained in it. Naturally, there is also water in it. A solution of citric acid is capable of conducting electricity: when it dissociates, positively charged hydrogen ions H + and a negatively charged citric acid residue appear. Such an environment is ideal for removing the positive charge from magnesium and the negative charge from copper. The first process is quite simple: positively charged magnesium ions Mg 2+ pass from the surface of the magnesium plate into a solution (lemon juice):

Mg 0 - 2e - → Mg 2+ solution

The second process takes place on a copper plate. Since a negative charge accumulates on it, this attracts hydrogen ions H +. They are able to take electrons from a copper plate, turning first into H atoms, and then almost immediately into H 2 molecules, which fly away:

2H + + 2e - → H 2

Why can't you get by with just one copper-magnesium pair?

The closest analogue of the "copper plate - lemon - magnesium plate" system is an ordinary finger battery. It works on the same principle: the chemical reactions occurring inside it lead to the emergence of a current of electrons, that is, electricity. You probably noticed that in some devices, finger-type batteries are arranged in a row (that is, the negative pole of one is in contact with the positive pole of the other). More often they do this not directly, but through wires or small metal plates. But the essence remains the same - this is necessary to increase the force that acts on the electrons, which means to increase the current strength.

Similarly, a copper plate in one piece of lemon is connected to a magnesium plate in another. If you connect a diode with only one copper-magnesium pair, it will not glow, but using two pairs leads to the desired result.

To learn more

To describe the force that makes charges move, that is, leads to the appearance of electricity, use the concept voltage. For example, any battery indicates the voltage value that it can create in a device or conductor connected to it.

The voltage that one magnesium-copper pair creates is not enough for this experiment, but two pairs are already enough.

Why do we use copper and magnesium? Is it possible to take some other pair of metals?

All metals have different ability to hold electrons. This allows them to be arranged in the so-called electrochemical series. Metals that are to the left of this row retain electrons worse, and those to the right are better. In our experience, the electric current arises precisely from the difference between copper and magnesium in their ability to hold electrons. In the electrochemical series, copper is much to the right of magnesium.

We may well take the other two metals, it is only necessary that there be a sufficient difference between their desire to keep electrons with them. For example, in this experiment, silver Ag can be used instead of copper, and zinc Zn can be used instead of magnesium.

However, we chose magnesium and copper. Why?

Firstly, they are very affordable, unlike the same silver. Secondly, magnesium is a metal that simultaneously combines sufficient activity and stability. Like alkali metals - sodium Na, potassium K and lithium Li - it is easily oxidized, that is, it gives up electrons. On the other hand, the surface of magnesium is covered with a thin film of its oxide MgO, which is not destroyed when heated up to 600 o C. It protects the metal from further oxidation in air, which makes it very convenient to use in practice.

What other fruits and vegetables can be used instead of lemon?

Many fruits and vegetables will be suitable for this experience. It is enough that they have juicy pulp. For example, instead of lemon, you can take an apple, banana, tomato or potato. Even a large grape will do!

In all these vegetables, fruits and berries there is enough water, as well as substances that dissociate (decompose into charged particles - ions) in water. Therefore, electric current can also flow in them!

What is a diode and how is it arranged?

Diodes are small devices capable of passing an electric current through themselves and doing some useful work. In this case, we are talking about an LED - when an electric current is passed, it glows.

All modern diodes are based on a semiconductor - a special material whose electrical conductivity is not very high, but can grow, for example, when heated. What is electrical conductivity? This is the ability of a material to conduct an electric current through itself.

Unlike a simple piece of semiconductor, any diode contains two of its "grades". The very name "diode" (from the Greek "δίς") means that it contains two elements - they are usually called anode And cathode.

The anode of a diode consists of a semiconductor containing so-called "holes" - areas that can be filled with electrons (actually empty shelves especially for electrons). These "shelves" can move quite freely throughout the anode. The cathode of the diode also consists of a semiconductor, but a different one. It contains electrons, which can also move relatively freely through it.

It turns out that such a composition of the diode allows electrons to easily move through the diode in one direction, but practically does not allow them to move in the opposite direction. When electrons move from the cathode to the anode, at the boundary between them there is a meeting of "free" electrons in the cathode and electron vacancies (shelves) in the anode. Electrons gladly occupy these vacancies, and the current moves on.

Imagine that the electrons are moving in the opposite direction - they need to get off the cozy shelves into the material where these shelves are not! Obviously, this is not beneficial for them and the current will not go in this direction.

So any diode can act as a kind of valve for electricity to flow through it one way but not the other. It is this property of diodes that made it possible to use them as the basis for computer technology - any computer, smartphone, laptop or tablet contains a processor based on millions of microscopic diodes.

LEDs, of course, have another application - in lighting and indication. The very fact of the appearance of light is associated with a special selection of semiconductor materials that make up the diode. In some cases, the same transition of electrons from the cathode to anode vacancies is accompanied by the release of light. In the cases of different semiconductors, the glow of different colors occurs. Important advantages of diodes over other electric light sources are their safety and high efficiency - the degree of conversion of electric current energy into light.

The lemon experiment

Imagine that you are holding a lemon in your left hand. Stretch your hand out in front of you and wrap your fingers around an imaginary fruit. Feel the roughness of the peel of a cold, fresh lemon. Imagine the bright yellow color of the fruit. Breathe in and smell the pleasant fresh scent of lemon. Now bring your hand holding the lemon to your mouth and imagine biting into it. Do you feel your teeth biting through the peel and juicy lemon pulp hitting your tongue? Now chew the lemon in your mouth. You felt the sour taste in your mouth, didn't you?

Did you notice how more and more saliva formed in your mouth while reading the previous paragraph? Only with the help of thinking you launched the process of salivation in the body. When your attention is directed to a particular event, in this case the taste of a lemon, your entire body reacts accordingly. So, if our thoughts are reflected in body language, why don't we learn to guess what the interlocutor is thinking based on external manifestations?

No doubt it is possible. By the way, I am far from the only one and not the first one who worked on this topic. Before me, many interesting researchers developed the field of this knowledge and applied it in practice. One of them was, for example, the American J. Randal Brown. He was born in 1851 in St. Louis and, while still a schoolboy, figured out that he could find an object in the classroom if classmates hid it. The student who hid the item only had to touch the forehead of the young mentalist and concentrate on the hiding place. Through touch, Randal Brown felt the direction his classmate was focusing on. He felt the outward manifestations of thoughts!

After leaving school, Brown continued to conduct similar experiments in a narrow circle. One day, a journalist from a local newspaper attended his performance, and later wrote an enthusiastic article about his art. This was the start of Brown's brilliant career. He was extremely in demand and traveled all over America with his experiment. His name was on everyone's lips. Wherever Brown performed, the press was delighted.

Another person who came forward with a similar experiment was Washington Irving Bishop. He stole the idea from Brown, but made his performance even more spectacular. He asked to hide an unknown object not indoors, but in a big city. After that, he put on an opaque bandage over his eyes, got into a horse-drawn wagon and headed to the right part of the city to get the item from the cache there. Bishop was the first person to drive a vehicle with his eyes closed. Critics, however, said then that his art is rather the merit of horses, it would be a real miracle if the eyes of animals were also blindfolded. But such criticism still could not drown out the magical charm emanating from Bishop's ideas. With his experiment, he traveled not only throughout America, but also Europe. But Bishop was ill and at the end of a tense performance, he often had epileptic seizures, after which he sometimes fell into a state of lethargic sleep. Therefore, he always had a note with him in which Bishop urged not to perform an autopsy or burial of his body until it was reliably established that he was really dead.

After one of the performances with Bishop, there was a notorious seizure. Against his request, the body was immediately autopsied. His mother later claimed that her son was still alive at the time of the autopsy and it was this procedure that killed him. Bishop was only 33 years old, but his art did not die.

This experiment became famous in Germany and was shown among others by a man named Hermann Steinschneider. His pseudonym is Erik Jan Ganussen. Like many other representatives of the art of reading minds, Ganussen was a very controversial figure and enjoyed dubious fame. He was born in 1889 in Vienna to Jewish parents. In his youth, he often made money on extremely suspicious cases. For example, he worked for a newspaper called "Lightning", spreading rumors and publishing unpleasant details from the personal lives of famous people. Ganussen just found suitable characters for such articles.

Among other things, he was engaged in the study of clairvoyance, hypnosis and telepathy, and after the First World War he became the richest and most influential artist in the German-speaking countries.

Adolf Hitler was fascinated by Hanussen's art and helped to promote it, despite the artist's Jewish roots. With the support of the Nazis, Hanussen founded the Palace of the Occult Arts in Berlin, where he held seances for the Nazi elite and high society. But after Hanussen openly predicted the fall of the Reichstag in 1933, he became too dangerous for the authorities. In March 1933, Hanussen was shot by the National Socialists in a forest near Berlin. His body was not found until the next day. Of course, Hanussen was a man of dubious moral character, but as an artist he was very convincing. He was surrounded by a very special, unusual and strong aura. The story of his life was described in the novel by Lion Feuchtwanger "The Lautenzack Brothers" and filmed by Klaus Maria Brandauer in the film "Ganussen". In these works it is well shown that the figure of Hanussen was always shrouded in a veil of mystery.

What was so special about these people? What, unknown to others, did they know? What was the basis of their rapid and fascinating success? These questions haunted many, including me.

My secret, and soon yours, is that we can feel the direction of thought. Directed human attention is always accompanied by energy. With long training, self-confidence and intuition, anyone can learn to feel this special mental activity of another person. To designate this phenomenon, there is a special term “ideomotor movement”, that is, an unconscious movement performed without the participation of the will under the mere influence of an idea about it. Such reactions are absolutely involuntary and almost imperceptible. These movements were first identified by the French chemist Michel Eugene Chevreul in 1833. But the Englishman William B. Carpenter is considered the discoverer of ideomotor movements, although he did not find a definition for his discovery. He was able to prove that we just need to think about some movement, as our brain induces the body to reproduce an imaginary movement in a minimal volume. That is, if you think intensely about a wall to your left, for example, your body unconsciously begins to turn in that direction. The art lies precisely in discerning these miniature movements and drawing a conclusion about the intentions of a person based on them. Until today, we can only describe this phenomenon. We know it exists, but we can't really explain it.

I myself had a number associated with this phenomenon in the program for a long time, and I learned to achieve an excellent effect with its help. I felt a broken part of the mechanism, found out which plants the viewer had previously selected in the Munich Botanical Garden, and found objects hidden from me in the by no means small inner city of Vienna. I will not hide from you the most vivid memory. There is a very beautiful city theater in the new part of Vienna, where I performed during my first tour. At the right moment, I invited a handsome man to come up on stage and gave him the following task: “Please, be so kind as to choose a person in the hall, but do not say who he is. Describe it on a piece of paper so that I can't see it. Put the description sheet in an envelope and then give it to me." My task was to take the envelope to the person whose description was inside and invite him to come up on stage. Then I had to read the description aloud so that all viewers could be convinced of the correctness of my choice. So, I took my assistant by the hand and moved with him into the auditorium. When we were in the center of the room, I immediately realized that I was standing in front of the person I needed, and asked her to come up to the stage. By the way, it was about an attractive young girl with dark hair. I slowly opened the envelope and read: "A man with a bald head..." I didn't finish. The hall went on a rampage - no one is perfect!

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Adults often wonder how fun and useful to spend time with children. You can go to an amusement park or go hiking. And you can not bother at all about this and load your child with household chores, only whether he will thank you for it - that is the question. Suddenly, your child is a restless why and cannot live a day without new discoveries and impressions!

If so, then these 8 simple scientific experiments that will be interesting not only for children, but also for adults, website collected especially for you.

Experience #1

To create your own volcano, you will need:

• 2 lemons (or more);
• baking soda;
• any dye (watercolor, food coloring);
• a wooden stick or any other object that is convenient to stir;
• tray or bath;
• soap suds, or shower gel, or liquid soap.

Instruction:

1. Prepare the lemon by cutting out the core. Squeeze the juice from the second lemon, set aside.
2. Place the lemon on a tray and use a wooden stick to soften the core.
3. Pour paint into the core.
4. Mix the lemon juice you prepared with liquid soap.
5. Add soda to the cut out core. The lemon should start to bubble. For the best effect, add prepared lemon juice with soap to the same place.

Experience No. 2

Want to have your own electric eels in a glass? There is nothing easier! For this you will need:

• 2 glasses;
• marmalade worms;
• baking soda;
• vinegar;
• a cup of water;
• fork.

Instruction:

1. Prepare the gummy worms by cutting them in half.
2. Mix water and soda in a glass.
3. Add chopped worms to a glass of soda. Leave on for 10-15 minutes.
4. Take the worms out of the bowl.
5. Pour vinegar into an empty glass.
6. Add worms to a glass of vinegar.

Gummy worms with the help of bubbles will begin to move like real ones.

Experience No. 3

To create rainbow paper, you will need:

• flat dish with water;
• clear nail polish;
• black thick paper.

Instruction:

1. Add clear nail polish to a bowl of water. Spread over the surface of the water.
2. Quickly dip the paper into the water. Let dry on a dry surface.

Once the paper is dry, hold it up to the light and enjoy the iridescence!

Experience No. 4

With the help of this experiment, you can easily explain to your child the mechanism of rain formation in clouds.

You will need:

• jar;
• shaving foam;
• water;
• any dye.

Instruction:

1. Fill the jar with water.
2. Make "clouds" of shaving foam on top of the water.
3. Drip dye on top of the "clouds". The excess will seep through the foam, and it will “rain”!

Experience No. 5

Do you want to watch magical fireworks with your child without leaving home? For this you will need:

• jar;
• vegetable oil;
• water;
• food coloring.

Instruction:

1. Fill 3/4 jars with water.
2. In a flat dish, mix food coloring and vegetable oil. Stir gently.
3. Carefully pour the oil into the water.

The oil will evenly spread over the surface, and the dye will slowly dissolve in warm water, delighting you with colorful fireworks.

Experience No. 6

Regular bath is boring! Especially for a small child. Try to create fun entertainment with him - a bath bomb. IN we will need:

• 1 st. l. baby oil;
• 1 cup baking soda;
• 1/2 cup citric acid;
• food coloring (optional)

Creation instructions:

1. Mix baking soda and baby oil to a dough consistency.
2. Add citric acid to the "dough" and knead thoroughly.
3. Add dye (optional).
4. The consistency of the bomb should be quite elastic and not stick to your hands.

With these bombs, bath procedures will become much more fun. Just make sure that the bombs do not get into the child's mouth!

Experience No. 7

With simple tools at hand, you can create your own bottled jellyfish that will delight you and your child. You will need:

• a small transparent plastic bag;
• transparent plastic bottle;
• thread;
• food coloring;
• scissors.

Instruction:

1. Lay the plastic bag on a flat surface and smooth it out.
2. Cut off the bottom and handles of the bag.
3. Cut the bag lengthwise on the right and left to make 2 sheets of polyethylene. You will need 1 sheet.
4. Find the center of the plastic sheet and fold it like a ball to make a jellyfish head. Tie the thread around the neck of the jellyfish, but not too tight: you need to leave a small hole through which to pour water into the head of the jellyfish.
5. There is a head, now let's move on to the tentacles. Make cuts in the sheet - from the bottom to the head. You need about 8-10 tentacles.
6. Cut each tentacle into 3-4 smaller pieces.
7. Pour some water into the jellyfish's head, leaving room for air so the jellyfish can "float" in the bottle.
8. Fill the bottle with water and place the jellyfish in it.
9. Drop a couple of drops of blue or green food coloring.

Close the lid tightly so that water does not spill out. Have the children turn the bottle over and watch the jellyfish swim in it.

Experience No. 8

Matches are not a toy for children, so the experiment should be performed only by adults. You will need:

• Matchbox;
• rubber;
• a few matches.

Instruction:

1. Stand the box upright and stick matches on the sides.
2. Take an elastic band and stretch it between these matches.
3. Place the third match in the middle and start turning it around, twisting the rubber band as much as possible.
4. When the gum is twisted hard enough, release the match. From friction, it will light up and will look like a fiery rattle.

For the development of the child, it is necessary to use all possible means, including experiments for children, which prepared parents can conduct at home. This type of activity is very interesting for preschoolers, it helps them to learn a lot about the world around them, to take a direct part in the research process. The main rule that moms and dads should follow is the absence of coercion: classes should be held only when the child himself is ready for experiments.

Physical

Such scientific experiments will interest the inquisitive baby, help him gain new knowledge:

• about the properties of the liquid;
• about atmospheric pressure;
• on the interaction of molecules.

In addition, under clear parental guidance, he can easily repeat everything.

Bottle filling

Prepare your inventory in advance. You will need hot water, a glass bottle and a bowl of cold water (for clarity, the liquid should first be tinted).

The procedure is as follows:

1. It is necessary to pour hot water into the bottle several times so that the container warms up properly.
2. Pour out hot liquid completely.
3. Turn the bottle upside down and lower it into a bowl of cold water.
4. It will be possible to see that water from the bowl will begin to fill the bottle.

Why is this happening? Due to the action of the hot liquid, the bottle was filled with warm air. Cooling down, the gas is compressed, as a result of which the volume occupied by it decreases, forming an environment with reduced pressure in the bottle. Water, acting, restores balance. This experiment with water can be done at home without any problems.

With a glass

Every kid, even at 3-4 years old, knows that if you turn over a glass filled with water, the liquid will pour out. However, there is an interesting experience that can prove the opposite.

Procedure:

1. Pour water into a glass.
2. Cover it with a piece of cardboard.
3. Holding the sheet with your hand, carefully turn the structure over.
4. You can remove your hand.

Surprisingly, the water will not pour out - the molecules of cardboard and liquid will mix at the moment of contact. Therefore, the sheet will hold on, becoming a kind of cover. The child can also be told about atmospheric pressure, that it is both inside the glass and outside, while in the container it is lower, outside it is higher. Due to this difference, water does not pour out.

This experiment is best done over the pelvis, because gradually the paper material will get wet and the liquid will drip.

Developmental experiments

There are a lot of really interesting experiments for kids.

Eruption

This experience is rightfully considered one of the most exciting and therefore loved by children. To carry it out you will need:

• soda;
• red paint;
• citric acid or lemon juice;
• water;
• some detergent.

First, you should build the “volcano” itself, making a cone of thick paper, fastening it around the edges with tape and cutting a hole on top. Then the resulting blank is put on any bottle. To look like a volcano, it should be covered with brown plasticine and placed on a large baking sheet so that the “lava” does not spoil the surface of the table.

Procedure:

1. Pour soda into a bottle.
2. Add paint.
3. Drop detergent (1 drop).
4. Pour in water and mix well.

To start the "eruption", you need to ask the child to add a little citric acid (or lemon juice). This is the simplest example of a chemical reaction.

Dancing worms

This simple fun experiment can be done with both preschoolers and younger students. Necessary equipment:

• corn starch;
• water;
• baking sheet;
• paints (food coloring);
• music column.

First you need to mix 2 cups of starch and a glass of water. Pour the resulting substance on a baking sheet, add paint or dye.

It remains only to turn on loud music and attach a baking sheet to the column. The colors on the blank will mix in a chaotic manner, creating a beautiful unusual spectacle.

We use food

To make an experiment - unusual, interesting for the baby and informative - it is not at all necessary to purchase sophisticated equipment and expensive materials. We offer you to get acquainted with very simple options available for execution at home.

with egg

Necessary equipment:

• a glass of water (high);
• egg;
• salt;
• water.

The bottom line is simple - an egg immersed in water will sink to the bottom. If you add table salt to the liquid (about 6 tablespoons), then it will rise to the surface. This physical experience with salt helps to illustrate the concept of density to the baby. So, in salted water, it is more, so the egg can stay on the surface.

You can also show the opposite effect (which is why it was recommended to take a tall glass) - when plain tap water is added to the salted liquid, the density will decrease and the egg will sink to the bottom.

invisible ink

A very interesting and simple trick that at first will seem like real magic to the baby, and after the explanation of the parents will help to learn about oxidation.

Necessary equipment:

• ½ lemon;
• water;
• spoon and plate;
• paper;
• lamp;
• cotton swab.

If there is no lemon, you can use analogues, such as milk, onion juice or wine.

Procedure:

1. Squeeze citrus juice, add it to a plate, mix with an equal amount of water.
2. Dip the swab into the resulting liquid.
3. Write with it something understandable to the child (or draw).
4. Wait for the juice to dry, becoming completely invisible.
5. Heat the sheet (using a lamp or holding it over a fire).

Text or a simple drawing will become visible due to the fact that the juice has oxidized and turned brown when the temperature rises.

color explosion

The little ones can enjoy a fun experience with milk and paints, which can be easily carried out in the kitchen.

Necessary products and equipment:

• milk (preferably high fat);
• food coloring (several colors - the more, the more interesting and brighter it will turn out);
• dishwashing liquid;
• plate;
• cotton buds;
• pipette.

If dishwashing liquid is not available, liquid soap can be used.

Procedure:

1. Pour milk into a bowl. It should completely hide the bottom.
2. Let the liquid stand for a while to bring it to room temperature.
3. Using a pipette, carefully drop several different food colors into a plate of milk.
4. Lightly touching the liquid with a cotton swab, you need to show the baby what is happening.
5. Next, a second stick is taken, dipped in detergent. It touches the surface of the milk, delays for 10 seconds. It is not necessary to mix colorful stains, a careful touch is enough.

Then the kid will be able to watch the most beautiful - the colors begin to "dance", as if trying to escape from the soap stick. Even if you remove it now, the "explosion" will continue. At this stage, you can invite the child to participate on his own - add dye, immerse a soap stick in the liquid.

The secret of the experience is simple - the detergent destroys the fat contained in the milk, which causes the "dance".

With sugar

For children 3-4 years old, various experiments with food will be very interesting. The child is happy to learn about the new qualities of his usual food.

For this entertaining entertainment you will need:

• 10 st. l. Sahara;
• water;
• food coloring in several colors;
• two spoons (tea, tablespoon);
• syringe;
• 5 glasses.

First you need to add sugar to the glasses according to this scheme:

• in the first glass - 1 tbsp. l.;
• in the second - 2 tbsp. l.;
• in the third - 3 tbsp. l.;
• in the fourth - 4 tbsp. l.

Add 3 tsp to each of them. water. Mix. Then you need to add a dye of your color to each of the glasses and mix again. The next step is to carefully take the colored liquid from the fourth glass with a syringe or a teaspoon and pour it into the fifth, which was empty. Then, in a similar order, colored water is added from the third, second and, finally, from the first glasses.

If you act carefully, colored liquids will not mix, but, layering on top of each other, will help create a bright unusual pyramid. The secret of the trick is that the density of water changes depending on the amount of sugar added to it.

With flour

Consider another interesting experience for children, simple and safe. It can be carried out both in kindergarten and at home.

Necessary equipment:

• flour;
• salt;
• paints (gouache);
• brush;
• sheet of cardboard.

Procedure:

1. In a small glass, mix 1 tbsp. l. flour and salt. This is a blank, from which in the future we will make paint of the same color. Accordingly, the number of such blanks is equal to the number of colors.
2. In each glass, add 3 tbsp. l. water and gouache.
3. With the help of paint, ask the child to draw a picture on cardboard using a brush or cotton swab, for each color.
4. Place the finished creation in the microwave (power 600 W) for 5 minutes.

The paints, which are the dough, will rise and harden, making the drawing voluminous.

Lava lamp

Another unusual children's experiment allows you to create a real lava lamp. After looking just once, even a novice researcher will be able to repeat the experience with his own hands, without the help of adults.

Necessary equipment and materials:

• vegetable oil (glass);
• salt (1 tsp);
• water;
• food coloring (several shades);
• glass jar.

Procedure:

1. Fill the jar 2/3 full with water.
2. Add vegetable oil, which at this stage forms a thick film on the surface.
3. Add food coloring.
4. Slowly pour in the salt.

Under the weight of salt, the oil will begin to sink to the bottom, and the dye will make the spectacle more colorful and spectacular.

With soda

To demonstrate to a preschool child, a soda experiment is perfect:

1. Pour the drink into a glass.
2. Dip a few peas or cherry pits into it.
3. Watch how they gradually rise from the bottom and fall again.

An amazing sight for a kid who does not know yet, peas are surrounded by bubbles of carbon dioxide, which brings them to the surface. Submarines operate on a similar principle.

With water

There are several cognitive optical experiments, which, for their simplicity, are very curious.

• The missing ruble

Water is poured into the jar, an iron ruble is lowered into it. Now you need to ask the baby to find a coin by looking through the glass. Due to the optical phenomenon of refraction, the eye will not be able to see the ruble if it is directed from the side. If you look into the jar from above, the coin will be in place.

• curved spoon

Let's continue to explore optics with a preschooler. This easy but visual experiment is carried out as follows: you need to pour water into a glass and lower a spoon into it. Ask your child to look sideways. He will see that at the border of the media - water and air - the spoon seems to be curved. Taking out a spoon, you can make sure that everything is in order with it.

The child should be explained that a ray of light is bent when passing through water, which is why we see a changed image. You can continue the water theme and lower the same spoon into a small jar. Curvature will not occur, since the walls of this container are even.

This biological experiment will help the child get acquainted with the world of wildlife, observe how a sprout is formed. For carrying out, beans or peas are needed.

Parents can offer the young botanist to moisten a piece of gauze folded several times with water, put it on a saucer, place it on a pea or bean cloth and cover with wet gauze. The task of the baby is to carefully monitor that the seeds are moistened all the time, check them regularly. After a couple of days, the first shoots will appear.

Photosynthesis process

This plant and candle experience is best for younger students who know that trees and grasses absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

The gist is this:

1. Carefully place burning candles in two jars.
2. In one of them put a living plant.
3. Cover both containers.

Observe that in a jar with a plant, the candle continues to burn, since oxygen is present in it. In the second bank, it goes out almost immediately.

Entertaining

We catch electricity. This small and safe experience could very well be done with toddlers.

1. One inflated balloon is placed on the wall, several others lie on the floor.
2. Mom invites the child to put all the balls on the wall. However, they will not hold and fall.
3. Mom asks the baby to rub the ball on her hair and try again. Now the ball has been attached.

After that, you need to tell that the “miracle” happened due to the electricity that was generated when the ball was rubbed against the hair.

Another option for the curious is the foil experiment. It is done like this:

1. A small piece of foil should be cut into strips.
2. Ask the baby to comb her hair.
3. Now you need to lean the comb against the strip and watch. The foil will stick to the comb.

You can also demonstrate to the children the “Missing Chalk”. To do this, a piece of ordinary chalk is placed in vinegar. The limestone will begin to sizzle, shrink in size. After a while, it will completely dissolve. This is due to the fact that chalk, when in contact with vinegar, turns into other substances.

Experiments with preschool children are a great opportunity to develop their curiosity, to answer many questions in a clear and understandable way. In addition, by offering kids a variety of experiments, attentive parents will help them to outline their own range of interests at an early age. And the research itself will be a great and fun pastime.