Determination of the degree of intoxication of a person. What are the signs of moderate alcohol intoxication? Mild degree of alcohol intoxication

A condition resulting from the intake of alcohol.

It is accompanied by transient changes in behavior, which is associated with a violation of the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition. Arising from drunkenness emotional, motor, verbal excitement, loss of self-control and critical assessment of the situation, weakening of inhibitory influences determine the frequency of committing antisocial acts (see the article "Alcoholism"). With frequent, immoderate alcohol intake in order to obtain the euphoric effect of alcohol intoxication, a pathological addiction may develop, accompanied by mental and somato-neurological disorders.

The mechanism of action of alcohol

As it is absorbed from the stomach and intestines, the concentration of alcohol in the blood increases, reaching (with a single dose) a maximum in the second hour after ingestion, then gradually falling. The degree of intoxication (subjective sensations and objective expression) is higher on the rise of the curve than with the same blood alcohol concentration on its decline.

Up to 10% of alcohol is excreted from the body (through the lungs, kidneys, skin) unchanged, the rest is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase and catalase systems. Oxidation rate (Widmark coefficient) - up to 8 ml of absolute alcohol per hour.

Histochemical and radiological research methods in the clinic and experiment have shown that in a healthy person, traces of a single dose of an average dose of ethanol are found in the body within two weeks, although alcohol disappears from the blood by the 4-5th hour. Observation of labeled C14 refutes the existing ideas about that. that a single intake of alcohol acts exclusively on c. n. N of page, in particular on a cerebral cortex. At the first dose, the highest concentration of alcohol is found in the liver and striated muscles, and then in the c. n. N of page, first of all in subcrustal educations and a cerebellum, then in bark. With subsequent intakes of alcohol, ethanol is increasingly concentrated in c. n. With.

Intoxication is characterized by the excitation of the underlying structures of c. n. With. with a decrease in the functions of higher. Pathophysiological studies show that small doses of alcohol cause only stimulation of the diencephalic region; with increasing dose, signs of excitation of the cortex appear. Only high doses lead to inhibition of the cortex; limiting, lethal doses cause sequential inhibition of the underlying formations, the diencephalic region, and the centers of the medulla oblongata.

The narcotic effect of alcoholic beverages is the result of exposure not only to c. n. With. (alcohol penetrates the blood-brain barrier), but also to peripheral nerve formations, which changes the general vegetative background.

Clinic of alcohol intoxication

The rate of appearance of the first signs of intoxication depends on the strength of the drink and the degree of filling the stomach with food; when taken on an empty stomach, even weak drinks, the absorption of alcohol by the mucous membrane is higher. The degree of intoxication is determined by the amount of absolute alcohol per 1 kg of body weight, individual tolerance and the psycho-physical state of a person while drinking alcohol. With fatigue and exhaustion, small doses can cause severe intoxication; in a state of mental stress, the intoxicating effect of alcoholic beverages is reduced.

Children, old people and the persons suffering from organic defeat of c. n. N of page, diseases of a liver, a stomach (including after a resection of a stomach) and endocrine frustration (except for diabetes and a hyperthyroidism), are especially sensitive to action of alcohol. Women in their 20s and 30s are more tolerant of alcohol than men of the same age. As women age, alcohol tolerance decreases in women; men are quite hardy up to 50 years inclusive.

It is tentatively considered to be a weak degree of intoxication, the concentration of alcohol in the blood up to 20/00, medium - up to 30/00, severe - higher. A blood alcohol concentration above 50/00 is considered fatal. But with equal concentration, the degree of intoxication of subjects can vary significantly. So, a patient with chronic alcoholism in the second stage shows a high tolerance to alcohol, and intoxication is hardly noticeable even with a high concentration of alcohol in the blood.

The first subjective signs of alcohol intoxication are somatic sensations, as they intensify and expand, creating a mental state of euphoria. There is a shine of the sclera, hyperemia of the face, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, the pulse slows down, vascular and muscle tone decreases. Feeling of warmth, pleasant muscle weakness, increased appetite. There is a state of general psychophysical satisfaction, a rise in mood; mental and motor activity decreases, the brightness of sensory impressions increases, emotional saturation increases. After some time (10-30 minutes), the pupils dilate, there is a weakness of convergence, increased urination, increased diuresis, increased pain threshold; possible dry mouth, pallor of the skin. Pulse and blood pressure equalize.

With functional weakness, insufficiency of the cardiovascular system, tachycardia and hypertension are possible. Mental and motor activity increases against the background of a disorder in the quality of functions, including higher, cortical ones. Movements are poorly coordinated, sweeping, dysmetria, imbalance (ataxia) are pronounced. Violated subtle movements, facial expressions - the face of a drunk sometimes becomes mask-like. In some cases, with significant intoxication, convergence is disturbed, strabismus, diplopia appear. Speech is loud and slurred. Associations are accelerated, but superficial associations predominate (according to consonance, contiguity). A decrease in the quality of mental processes is manifested in disorders of concentration. Disappears criticism to their words and actions. There is a reassessment of one's qualities and capabilities, an egocentric fixation of experiences. Hitherto controlled instincts and latent personality traits appear. Thus, affectively saturated, significant experiences (jealousy, vanity, resentment, etc.) are revealed.

Degrees of alcohol intoxication

With a mild degree of intoxication clinically visible manifestations are either absent or close to the clinic alcohol intoxication of moderate severity. However, there are no consequences the next day.

With moderate intoxication drunk gives the impression of a person disinhibited, with a lower intelligence than in reality. If the amount of alcohol is not overdosed, intoxication gradually turns into drowsiness, lethargy; if intoxication occurred in the evening hours, deep sleep sets in. Upon awakening after moderate intoxication, a post-intoxication state (hangover) is expressed - lethargy, fatigue, lack of appetite, heaviness in the head, low mood, sometimes sadness, dissatisfaction with oneself and others, irritability. Mental and physical performance is reduced: comprehension and concentration of attention are difficult, the pace of mental processes is slowed down, muscle tone is reduced, coordination of movements is impaired.

With a severe degree of intoxication orientation in the environment is lost, speech slows down, interspersed with pauses, the connection of experiences is lost, emotions are smoothed out, mimic and verbal expressiveness disappears. In 2/3 of cases, vomiting appears as a protective reaction of the body. With an increase in intoxication, the disturbance of consciousness deepens, breathing slows down (possibly breathing of the Cheyne-Stokes type), becomes hoarse, cardiovascular tone decreases, reflex excitability decreases, reactions to external stimuli disappear, immobility appears, muscle relaxation, stupor develops, stupor, and sometimes coma . Death can occur from paralysis of the respiratory or vascular-motor centers, as well as in a state of alcoholic coma.

It is easy to diagnose an alcoholic coma by the specific smell emanating from the patient. However, in all cases of alcoholic coma, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of diabetic coma against the background of mild alcohol intoxication, acute injury to c. n. With.

Mixed alcohol-barbituric coma is not clinically diagnosed; it is necessary to make a laboratory study and monitor the patient after coming out of a coma.

The next day after severe poisoning, performance decreases, physical inactivity, mental and somatic (cardiovascular) weakness, anorexia are pronounced; depressive mood - narcotic amnesia is noted (see Chronic alcoholism). Sleep disturbance is possible for several days (hypnotics are contraindicated).

Mild to moderate alcohol intoxication healthy individuals are not accompanied by amnesia.

While maintaining the general pattern of development of symptoms, the manifestation of intoxication is as individualized as the personality; the constitution, emotional features matter, and behavior in a state of intoxication depends on the level of intellectual development and culture. With an appropriate predisposition (antisocial, aggressive tendencies), affective excitability and loss of control over one's behavior in a state of intoxication, conditions for offenses are created. Lose self-control in a state of intoxication, persons whose social attitudes, regulations are not expressed, or patients with alcoholism, in whom the dissociation of control over their behavior, motor activity and affectation is very large. When evaluating the behavior of an intoxicated person, it is necessary to take into account those cases when a person deliberately takes alcohol in order to reduce self-control, get rid of disturbing fears and take a long-planned “decisive” action.

In some cases of acute alcohol intoxication, not ordinary, but pathological intoxication may develop.

Treatment of alcohol intoxication

Treatment acute alcohol intoxication. The search for sobering-up means has not yet yielded results. Recommended intravenous administration of glucose, fructose with ascorbic acid or vitamin B6, gemineurin (pyridoxine), cocarboxylase. To maintain cardiac activity, cordiamine, camphor are indicated, to excite respiratory functions - inhalation of ammonia, lobelia, cytiton.

Treatment of alcoholic coma is similar to medical intervention for comatose states of another origin. However, gastric lavage is mandatory, parenteral administration of oxidizing agents - fructose, thiamine complex, especially B1 and B6, and central analeptics.

Recently, there have been reports that the elimination of the use of bemegride in detox centers has increased the survival rate of those who sober up. Intravenous infusions of 0.25% potassium permanganate solution, 1% methylene blue solution can be recommended.

Methods for determining alcohol intoxication

Methods for determining alcohol in the body. When determining alcohol, qualitative reactions are first used, with a positive result, a quantitative determination is carried out. Recently, a quantitative determination has been used without preliminary qualitative.

Qualitative colorimetric reactions (determination of alcohol in exhaled air) are based on the ability of ethanol to oxidize various reagents (Rappoport, Mokhov-Shinkarenko, Niklu test).

Of the quantitative methods that make it possible to establish the concentration of alcohol, the most widely used are the photometric method (for examining blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, gastric contents) and the gas-liquid chromatography method (for examining blood, urine and exhaled air).

Forensic medical examination of death due to alcohol poisoning

Acute fatal poisoning with ethyl alcohol is established in a complex of macro- and micromorphological features with data from a forensic chemical study of biological material (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.).

Often, morphological changes in alcohol poisoning are not pronounced, many signs are also found in other types of death. At autopsy, attention is drawn to such signs as the smell of alcohol from the internal organs (brain) and a sharp overflow of the bladder.

In case of alcohol poisoning, there is an increased permeability of the walls of blood vessels - diapedetic extravasates and often ruptures of blood vessels. In this regard, small apoplectic foci are found in the brain tissue and hemorrhages under the meninges (according to A. Tardieu in 86%), hemorrhages in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum, under the epicardium, under the pulmonary pleura, in the mucous membrane of the trachea and large bronchi, into nerve trunks, into the adrenal cortex, etc.

Violation of hemodynamics is manifested in uneven blood filling of the myocardium, in edema of the brain and pia mater, lung tissue and other organs. Often there is puffiness of the face, edema of loose retroperitoneal tissue and mesentery, tissue around the bladder and its wall itself, edema of the bed and wall of the gallbladder, hepato-duodenal ligament, excess fluid in the serous cavities, venous congestion.

Lethal doses of ethyl alcohol are extremely variable and individual, they depend on internal and external factors, in particular on individual tolerance, age characteristics (old people and children are extremely sensitive to it), gender characteristics, metabolic characteristics, food intake and its nature. , from psycho-emotional factors, initial functional states, etc.

Death from alcohol poisoning can occur during the period of resorption (often when drinking high-concentration drinks at a fast pace), at the height of the maximum blood alcohol content or during the elimination period, in some cases, with its complete disappearance from the blood (M. I. Avdeev). Link (K. Linck) gives data on the time of death: during the period of resorption - in 12%, in the early period of elimination - in 52% and at the end of the elimination phase - in 36% of cases.

Often, the maximum level of alcohol in the blood with relative accuracy has to be set indirectly by its content in the urine and cerebrospinal fluid; for example, if the blood contains 1.00/00, and in the cystic urine and cerebrospinal fluid close to 5.00/00, then it can be assumed that for some number of hours before the onset of death, the blood alcohol content was about 5.00 /00 (usually slightly lower).

There is a method for retrospective determination of alcohol concentration using the Widmark coefficient. However, given the individuality of oxidation processes, the increase and irregularity of alcohol oxidation in the body of those who abuse it, this method cannot be considered reliable.

Fatal outcomes of alcohol poisoning depend not only on the amount of alcohol consumed, impurities and additives to it, but also on the level of products of incomplete oxidation (acetaldehyde, etc.) of ethanol.

Or ethanol. Signs of intoxication are expressed in the symptoms of psychotropic physiological alcohol poisoning.

The deeper the degree of alcohol intoxication, respectively, all the symptoms and signs of alcohol intoxication are more pronounced. Remember that a person can be poisoned not only by a large amount of ethanol taken inside, but also by various technical liquids and alcohol surrogates.

The first sign of alcohol intoxication is the dullness of the perceiving ability of the senses. There is a feeling of carelessness, mood. Acutely perceived problems are smoothed out and the drunk person no longer seems as acute as before. A drunken citizen is more stupid, irresponsible, cynical. Alcohol acts as a powerful tranquilizer for the central nervous system, similar to Seduxen, Relanium and other tranquilizing drugs.

If a drinking person takes alcohol immoderately, the signs of alcohol poisoning and intoxication steadily increase, the behavior of the alcoholic becomes even more inadequate, the mood can change in an abrupt manner - from complacency to aggression, motor restlessness, brain functions are deeply impaired, coordination is upset, speech becomes slurred. In severe alcohol poisoning, the patient is unconscious, the activity of the heart and breathing is upset, involuntary excretion of urine and feces can be observed. Alcohol poisoning can easily lead to the death of the patient. There are frequent cases of choking with vomit when lying on your back.

Any alcohol intoxication can be of the type of simple and pathological.

Simple

The most common form of intoxication. In a simple form of alcohol intoxication, there are three (light, medium, severe) or four stages(degrees) - light, medium, strong, heavy:

1. Light intoxication(light degree). Blood alcohol is in the range of 1 to 2%. The mood and tone of a drunk person are elevated, he is talkative, boastful, self-criticism is reduced, he is satisfied with himself, coordination is somewhat disturbed. The person feels warm and comfortable. Everything looks pink. Unpleasant experiences lose their relevance and significance. Everything positive is exaggerated. The person is too frank, importunate, tactless. He himself seems to be very witty and dexterous.
2. In the middle stage of intoxication, clumsiness of movements intensifies. Speech is somewhat slurred, warmth, irritability are mixed with the general background of mood. Alcohol in the blood is about 3%. Here we can already hear from the drunk: “Do you respect me? Behavior becomes unpredictable. The self-preservation instinct disappears. The coordination is bad.
3. Severe intoxication is characterized by slurred and loud speech, the drunkard hardly picks up words and speaks slowly. The movements are sweeping, the gait is shaky. Behavior breaks down. Psychomotor agitation is replaced by general lethargy and drowsiness. In this state, a drunk can fall asleep anywhere, even on the street. the blood alcohol content is about 4%.
4. A severe degree is characterized by impaired consciousness from stunning to coma. Severe intoxication is accompanied by gross neurological disorders. The patient is unconscious, the rhythm of the heart, breathing is disturbed, he may experience involuntary emptying of the bladder and intestines. Alcohol concentration - up to 6%. Characterized by complete amnesia. With signs of an alcoholic coma, urgent hospitalization and intensive resuscitation therapy are needed to relieve intoxication. Seizures of the epileptiform type may be observed.

Pathological

Pathological alcohol intoxication is an acute alcoholic psychosis with a disorder of consciousness of the twilight type. It is typical for people with organic pathology of the central nervous system, epileptics, oligophrenics and psychopaths. It develops after ingestion of small doses of alcoholic beverages. Lasts from several minutes to hours. Replaced by deep sleep and complete loss of memory. Pathological human behavior is determined by the quality of psycho-emotional experiences: fear, anxiety, aggression, suicide.

alcohol abuse

Abuses alcohol - a single use of alcohol in large volumes. Leads to a severe stage and degree of intoxication. This severe alcohol intoxication can be complicated by the development of coma and death.

Alcoholism is a deadly pathology that develops as a result of regular and prolonged use of alcohol-containing products. Dependence on alcohol is formed in a person at the physical and mental level. Every year, hundreds of thousands of people die from ethyl alcohol poisoning and chronic alcoholism.

A person under the influence of alcohol becomes dangerous to others. This is especially true for drunk drivers. According to statistics, accidents with a fatal outcome are more often committed by people under the influence of alcohol. What are the degrees of alcohol intoxication in ppm, it is important to know for every person - the owner of a car.

Alcohol affects each person differently.

To determine the concentration of alcohol in the human body, the unit of measurement is ppm. This is a Latin word and it means in translation “for a thousand”.

One ppm is equal to a thousandth of a specific number or is 1/10 of one percent.

To determine the presence of alcohol in the human body, a special device is used - a breathalyzer. The degree of intoxication is determined in ppm in the exhaled air, which a person produces in a special tube-mouthpiece.

What are the stages of intoxication depending on ppm

It is almost impossible to deceive this device, so there is no doubt about the reliability of the result. But how to determine your own intoxication if there is no tester at hand?

Determining the level of intoxication

When drinking alcohol, a person exhibits certain symptoms. They vary depending on the amount of alcohol consumed. With a mild degree of intoxication, the symptoms are as follows:

• dizziness;
• unsteadiness of gait;
• incoherent speech;
• unnatural shine of the eyes.

Symptoms of intoxication are growing, and even with a severe degree of alcohol intoxication, a person can lose consciousness, even memory. A highly intoxicated person will also have no reflexes to external stimuli; in the worst case, alcohol intoxication can lead to coma and death.

The degree of intoxication in ppm table

Specialists have developed a special system for classifying various degrees of intoxication with reference to ppm. Each degree has its own symptoms and in its own way affects the well-being and behavioral reactions of a person. For convenience, all data can be displayed in one table:

But this state of intoxication in ppm, given in the table, is considered average. Alcohol acts on a person individually and selectively.

What does drunkenness depend on?

The level and extent of the impact of alcohol on the human body depends on a number of many factors. It is noticed that in women the degree of intoxication develops much faster, especially on certain days of the monthly cycle.

What is the permissible level of alcohol in a person's blood

The form of intoxication is influenced by a number of physiological reasons, as well as additional ones that do not depend on human physiology.

Physiological:

• the person's age and gender;
• initial state of health;
• the presence of chronic diseases;
• emotional state at the time of drinking.

Other factors affecting the degree of intoxication:

• type of alcoholic beverage;
• availability and quality of snacks.

In addition to the average degrees of intoxication, there is also an atypical form of intoxication. It occurs in people after a head injury of varying severity. Also, indicators of the stages of intoxication may diverge in persons suffering from chronic alcoholism.

alcohol withdrawal rate

The rate of elimination of alcohol also varies. If for women this figure averages 0.08-0.1 ppm per hour, then for men the process is faster - about 0.1-0.15 ppm every 60 minutes. This process is long and difficult, especially for the liver.

It has been proven that when drunk with an alcohol concentration of 2 ppm, the body will be cleansed of the decay products of ethyl alcohol and will fully return to normal only after 20-24 hours. This time also varies. For some, just a couple of hours is enough to sober up, while the other suffers from a long and severe hangover.

How much alcohol is excreted on average, depending on the type of alcohol

Therefore, it is almost impossible to determine the exact level of alcohol content in the body without having a breathalyzer at hand. Especially considering that the speed of intoxication is also variable. For some, a couple of sips of beer is enough, while the other retains clarity of thought even after a bottle of vodka.

When can you drive

In the blood of even a completely sober person, with a thorough examination, you can find natural alcohol. It contains about 0.3 ppm. This level is considered natural and the only one at which you can drive a vehicle in our country.

But in some foreign countries, the authorities are more loyal to drivers who drink alcohol. In such countries, the maximum ppm threshold for them is increased. For example:

• German and French policemen wish you a good journey even if you find 0.5 ppm in your blood - there it is considered the maximum allowable rate;
• but in Ireland and England, you can safely roll out while driving a car, being in a mild degree of intoxication, the maximum permissible rates there are even higher and amount to 0.8 ppm.

What threatens the violator

In Russia, there are very strict laws regarding drunk driving. If any degree of intoxication was recorded by the traffic police, the violator faces the following fines:

1. At the first fixation of a violation, a fine of 30,000 rubles. Also, the car owner's rights are withdrawn for up to 2 years.
2. With the second detention of this driver, the amount of penalties will already be about 50,000 rubles. Plus, the violator is already facing a real term of imprisonment for 10-15 days. He will lose his rights for 3 years.

How many ppm is in each type of alcohol

Again, alcohol affects each person differently. Moreover, alcohol can affect the same person differently at different times of the day and with a different physical and mental state of a person. If we take the average indicators, then they can be reduced to the following figures:

• beer (0.5l): 0.5 ppm;
• vodka (300 g) or beer (2.5 l): 1.2 ppm;
• vodka (1 liter): 5 ppm.

That is, we can say that a couple of bottles of vodka for the average person can be a lethal dose. But, even being in a mild stage of intoxication, drivers can create dangerous situations on the road.

Alcoholism is a phenomenon that is the most dangerous in social terms. The number of individuals suffering from alcohol addiction is increasing every year. Recently, doctors often diagnose alcoholism even in very young teenagers. Remember that becoming an alcoholic is very simple and easy, but giving up addiction is much harder.

Simple alcoholic intoxication is divided according to the criterion of severity into three degrees: mild, moderate and severe.

The total clinical assessment of the state of the intoxicated is determined by the same two main effects of alcohol: psychotropic and toxic. In intoxication, polar groups of symptoms naturally intertwine. Euphoria and activity are replaced by lethargy and growing stupor. Psychomotor agitation, in turn, turns into slow, poorly coordinated movements and complete adynamia.

An additional criterion for assessing the severity of intoxication may be the level of concentration of alcohol in the blood. But it should immediately be noted that the severity of the clinical manifestations of intoxication and the amount of alcohol concentration in the blood do not always correlate. The ratios here have a time spread, depending on individual characteristics, in particular, on the work of a number of enzymatic systems. The severity of the clinical manifestations of alcohol intoxication also depends on the concentration and amount of alcohol taken, the functional state of the drinker, the nature of the food, the conditions in which alcohol is taken.

Rice. 4. Approximate correlation between the degree of alcohol intoxication and blood alcohol content

A mild degree of alcohol intoxication (Fig. 4) is characterized by the predominance of the psychotropic effect of alcohol over the toxic one. Usually, a mild degree of intoxication corresponds to a blood alcohol concentration in the range of 0.5-1.5%. Signs of alcohol poisoning of the central nervous system are subtle. There is a decrease in the accuracy of small movements, the percentage of errors increases when performing any type of activity that requires attention and concentration. The perception time is lengthened. Attention is easily distracted, superficial. The critical attitude towards oneself and the surrounding situation decreases. Speech articulation may deteriorate slightly.

The psychotropic effects of alcohol in a mild degree of intoxication are reduced to experiences of a state of mental comfort. Often it is accompanied by the effect of non-specific stimulation. The mood is often elevated, euphoria is noted. Intoxicated are animated, the behavior is expressive. Disinhibition of drives (food, sexual) is often noted.

In an intoxicated person, reddening of the skin, an increase in blood pressure, increased heart rate, sweating and other changes in the autonomic nervous system are usually noted.

The duration of mild alcohol intoxication varies widely - from a few minutes to an hour or more. Following this, as a rule, some decline in mood, lethargy, and slight motor retardation are noted.

It is generally accepted that the peak of the positively colored psychotropic effects of alcohol falls on the resorptive phase (Balyakin, 1962). When the absorption ends and the removal of alcohol from the body begins, the mental experiences associated with intoxication gradually fade. However, there is no clear parallelism here, since the so-called elimination phase is determined by a decrease in the concentration of alcohol in the blood. At the same time, its concentration in organs and tissues, in particular in the brain, remains high for a long time, which contributes to psychotropic effects.

The average degree of simple alcohol intoxication is already a more complex picture, based on a combination of components of the toxic and psychotropic effects of alcohol. First of all, there is an increase in the proportion of symptoms of CNS poisoning in the clinical picture of intoxication. Yes, and the psychotropic effect of alcohol is becoming less regulated. The average degree of alcohol intoxication often develops with a content of 1.5-2.5% alcohol in the blood. Speech in intoxicated people is blurred, often slowed down, the selection of words is difficult. Disturbances in coordination of movements are noted: small, precise movements are impossible, handwriting is upset. The gait becomes shaky, uncertain, movements are impetuous and sweeping.

Mental experiences lose their integrity. Orientation in the situation is also partially broken. Perception of external events is difficult, associative processes are upset. Self-esteem rises, a critical attitude to one's condition and behavior sharply decreases. Behavior itself becomes more and more impulsive, sometimes inadequate.

Mood swings are typical, euphoria is easily replaced by discontent, irritability, resentment. Depressively colored experiences appear, which can again be replaced by euphoria.

Intoxication often ends in sleep. A series of events of intoxication (usually the final episodes) can be forgotten (amnesiac). Upon awakening, a pronounced post-intoxication state with reduced performance is noted.

A severe degree of simple alcohol intoxication is characterized by the predominance of the toxic effects of alcohol and the effects of depression of the central nervous system in the clinical picture. The concentration of alcohol in the blood - 2.5% and above. An increase in alcohol concentration above 5% can lead to death.

Clinically, a severe degree of alcohol intoxication corresponds to a soporous state, and with a deepening of intoxication - to a coma. Orientation is completely lost, massive disturbances are noted from all body systems (CNS, cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). Sometimes there is involuntary discharge of urine. After getting out of intoxication for several days, post-intoxication disorders, decreased performance, amnesia of the period of intoxication are noted.

As already noted, alcohol intoxication is the starting point of alcoholism, and throughout the disease - one of its main manifestations.

During the period of alcoholic intoxication, changes occur literally at all levels and in all systems of the human body. Therefore, it makes sense to take a closer look at some of the most important changes.

Alcoholism is a deadly and dangerous pathological phenomenon that develops as a result of prolonged and regular use of alcoholic products. Alcohol dependence is formed, as a rule, at the mental and physical level. Based on statistics, about a hundred thousand people die every year from ethyl alcohol poisoning.

People who are under the influence of alcohol become dangerous both for others and for themselves. . This is especially true for drunk drivers.. Fatal accidents are most often committed by those people who are under the influence of alcohol.

The degree is divided into several categories, which we will discuss below.

Degrees of alcohol intoxication

Regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, especially in large quantities, can have a detrimental effect on a person’s mental and physical health. When people are addicted to alcohol, sexual activity decreases, progresses, and almost all internal organs are destroyed.

Intoxication is caused due to the action of alcohol, or rather, due to its toxic and psychotropic effects. To identify the stage of intoxication, it is necessary to take into account the general state of human health, the amount of alcohol consumed and its concentration, the environment and the calorie content of food while drinking alcohol. It is worth noting that mentally or physically tired people get drunk much faster.

It is customary to distinguish three stages of alcohol intoxication: light, medium, heavy. The latter degree can even lead to death.

Light

Speaking about the characteristic features of the mild stage of intoxication, it is necessary to take into account the existing excited state, some euphoria, a change in attitude towards others, which is not quite the same as in a sober state. With a slight intoxication, problems are perceived much easier by a drunk. Therefore, often closed and uncommunicative people become sociable and can easily get acquainted with new people who meet by chance.

The behavior in this case will depend on the mood in which the person drank alcoholic beverages and in what company. . If he can control himself, it will maintain adequate behavior for a long time. In a company, most often drunk people begin to relax, losing control of themselves, so that intoxication comes faster. Light intoxication can adversely affect psychomotor functions:

A drunk person may also treat the people around him inappropriately: often drunk people begin to fulfill all desires, become generous, kind, which unfamiliar friends can take advantage of. But a reveler can also be rude to someone, to show faux pas, whatever he would never do while sober.

Being intoxicated, a person can also overestimate his self-esteem, giving unrealistic promises to acquaintances, committing such acts, for which he will later have to pay.

As for the duration of light intoxication, it can range from several minutes to several hours. When a person sobers up, as a rule, he becomes somehow inhibited, his mood drops.

Medium

The average degree of alcohol intoxication, as a rule, causes a violation of the central nervous system, as well as the brain. The salient features of this degree are as follows:

In addition, the middle stage is characterized by a loss of orientation to the environment, so a person can do the following:

• Swear.
• A drunk person may experience sexual harassment towards the opposite sex.
• A person can openly relieve his need.
• A drunk person can walk without any hesitation in the nude.
• Aggression towards other people is often manifested.
• The gait becomes shaky, uncertain.
• Movements become sweeping, impetuous.

Besides, for an average degree of intoxication characteristically difficult perception of surrounding events, a drunk person has sharp jumps in mood, irritability can abruptly be replaced by cheerfulness, rudeness by tenderness, depression by euphoria, behavior becomes impulsive.

But intoxication can affect a person in a completely different way: the drunk becomes more gloomy, drowsy and withdrawn.

Most often, intoxication ends with sleep. And when a drunk wakes up, some previous events, especially those that happened before going to bed, are erased from the person’s memory. You can also observe a pronounced post-intoxication state. In parallel with this, the performance decreases sharply.

heavy

For a severe stage of alcoholic intoxication, the following is characteristic:

• The central nervous system is deeply affected.
• The person is completely unconscious.
• Spontaneous bowel movements of the bladder and intestines are observed.
• There is an epileptic seizure.

In addition, a person becomes very lethargic, unable to respond to external stimuli, his eyeballs begin to rush around like crazy, which reveal serious violations for all body systems. A person completely ceases to navigate in the surrounding space. It is also worth noting that this degree of intoxication can result in death or coma.

When a person comes out of this state, he is still in a severe post-intoxication state for several days, he has a decrease in the efficiency of the whole organism, and the presence of amnesia of recent events is also characteristic. At the same time, the concentration of alcohol in the body, especially in the brain, is quite high, which can manifest itself in the form of psychotropic effects. Consequences can occur in the form of serious and irreversible mental disorders, in the form of visual and auditory hallucinations, encephalopathy and others.

Degrees of intoxication in ppm

Much depends on the stage. such as being able to drive a vehicle. Sometimes there are situations when it is simply necessary to find out exactly how drunk a person is. For this, there are special indicators that determine the stage of intoxication in ppm. For this, as a rule, a special device is used, which is actively used by the police services, doctors and ordinary citizens.

• The mild effect of alcohol is based on a blood alcohol content of 0.3 to 0.5 ppm.
• Slight intoxication, in which the blood alcohol content is from 0.5 to 1.5 ppm.
• Average intoxication is characterized by the content of alcohol in the blood from 1.5 to 2.5 ppm.
• High level intoxication implies a blood alcohol content of 2.5 to 3.0 ppm.
• Deep intoxication, as well as alcohol poisoning, after which it may follow, the alcohol content in the blood is from 3.0 to 5.0 ppm.
• Severe fatal poisoning is characterized by a blood alcohol content of more than 5.0 ppm.

modified forms

If the subject has certain mental disorders or special personality traits, intoxication can take a variety of atypical forms. In this case, it may be in the following form:

Harm of alcohol

Regardless of the stage of intoxication and the amount of alcohol consumed, alcohol-containing drinks always have a pathological effect on the human body. Alcoholic products are officially recognized as a dangerous narcotic substance that can cause unique harm to human health, as well as become addictive. In addition, alcohol can have a negative effect on the brain, which, in turn, regulates the activity of all organs that affect the smooth functioning of all systems.

The negative impact of alcoholic products is caused by a violation of the supply of oxygen to nerve cells, as a result of which they slowly begin to die. First of all, it can affect the intellectual abilities of a person. The cerebral cortex begins to be affected, brain activity decreases, and the behavior of the subject at the same time gradually changes not for the best.

To independently determine the degree of intoxication, you only need to observe a person. As a rule, he begins to change in character and behavior. . For this, it is also necessary to evaluate the behavior and speech of a drunk person, as well as to check his ability to coordinate movements, an objective perception of the environment.

If you want to more accurately determine the content of alcohol in the blood, then you need to conduct special tests. In this case, the indicators will be directly related to the elapsed time after drinking. The more time passes from the moment of drinking alcohol, the lower the indicators will be. Not everyone can independently assess their behavior when intoxicated, so it is not recommended to abuse alcoholic beverages.

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