Brief biography of Tycho Brahe. brahe, quiet - scientific activity

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Death of Tycho Brahe

The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe was an unusual person. In a duel, the tip of his nose was cut off with a sword, and the astronomer made a case of silver and gold for the deformed part of his face. At dinner parties, the astronomer was accompanied by a dwarf. While the owner was eating, the dwarf waited under the table. As a favorite pet, Brahe kept an elk. The scientist died of kidney failure, which worsened at a dinner party. The scientist was embarrassed to leave the table for a small need and endured for several hours. That same evening, he fell ill, felt unwell, and died 11 days later.

Tycho Brahe had a twin brother who died before he was baptized. The family where he was born quietly, according to the tradition of the Vikings, gave the boy for adoption to his father's childless brother, the admiral of the Royal Navy, who was very wealthy and surrounded his adopted son with attention and care, gave him an excellent education. Tycho's parents have 9 more children. Tycho was talented and diligent, from childhood he was attracted to books on astronomy. At the age of 12, the boy entered the University of Copenhagen. Yergen, Tycho's adoptive father, caught a cold while saving the king (who was thrown from a bridge into cold water by a horse) and died, leaving his adopted son all his fortune. Tycho used it for the construction of numerous astronomical instruments and teaching. At some point in his life, Tycho "slipped" into business, and he almost deviated from the set course by building two factories - for the production of paper and glass. One day he saw a star in the sky, which we would now call a supernova, and the former passion for astronomy flared up in Tycho with a triple force. He returned to research. Years later, this extraordinary man became famous for his studies of celestial bodies throughout Europe, and the king granted him the island of Van for life use, and also allocated funds for the construction of an observatory. Tycho called his grandiose building Uroaaniborg - the castle of Urania, the muse of astronomy. Quietly built in his castle even plumbing on all floors. The castle had classrooms for students and rooms for servants. Side by side with him quietly worked his talented sister - a doctor, chemist and astronomer Sophia, whom he jokingly called Urania. Tycho worked for 20 years in his castle and taught students. There he also printed scientific papers for which he himself produced paper. He quietly invested all his personal capital in the construction and equipment of the castle.

The new king deprived Tycho of funding and forbade conducting experiments. Quietly left for Prague. He managed to take away the library and many of the instruments. Kepler and his family came to see him there, and the two scientists joined forces. When Tycho died, Kepler created his immortal laws on the basis of his work. Tycho Brahe's grave bears the inscription: not power, not wealth, but only the scepters of science are eternal.

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A duelist with a silver nose, an aristocrat who married a commoner, the owner of the Castle in the Sky, a supernova discoverer who revived astronomy from the ashes of the Dark Ages in all the splendor of the Renaissance - this is a short list of Tycho Brahe's descriptions. the site tells about a man who was born on December 14, 1546 and who, with his observations, paved the way for the creation of Kepler's laws.

Born in the family of Otto Brahe, who occupied high military and political positions, and, according to custom, was transferred to the upbringing of his childless uncle, Admiral Jergen, the little Dane was surrounded by care and attention from childhood. Having received a brilliant primary education at home, Tycho (the Latinized form of the name Tyuge) at the age of 12 entered the University of Copenhagen, then to Leipzig. The family hoped that the boy would devote himself to the study of law, but the future astronomer spent night hours observing the starry sky, for which he bought and made instruments himself.

Under a lucky star

The death of his uncle (who threw himself into the sea to save the fallen king) and the inheritance he received allowed the young astronomer to control his future destiny. At the age of 19, he moved to the University of Wittenberg, where he studied astronomy, alchemy and astrology, but then the plague began. Forced to leave the city, Tycho Brahe quarreled with a distant relative and lost part of his nose in a duel (because of which he was forced to wear a silver prosthesis for the rest of his life).

Knudstrup Manor

Håkan Dahlström/Flickr

Two years later, when the epidemic subsided, Brahe settled in Augsburg, where he ordered an 11-meter quadrant, a celestial globe and other tools from artisans according to his drawings. The death of his father forced him to return to the family estate - Knudstrup Castle. There he organized a laboratory and, together with relatives, opened two factories producing paper and glass.

Tycho Brahe Quadrant

Pimvantend/Wikimedia Commons

Troubles for a while distracted him from his beloved pastime, to which he was prompted to return by a case, and not an ordinary one, but a real “heavenly sign” - a supernova explosion visible to the naked eye (this phenomenon can be observed once every few centuries). A bright light in the constellation of Cassiopeia, where no star should have been, attracted the attention of Brahe, who was returning home. The astronomer immediately rushed to measure its coordinates. The star shone for another 17 months, visible even during the day. Among the predictions of astrologers and simply the fears of superstitious people who considered such an outbreak a bad "heavenly sign" portending catastrophes and the end of the world, Tycho Brahe was one of the few who denied the atmospheric nature of the phenomenon. He convincingly proved that the new luminary is a star located at a great distance from our planet, since it did not have a noticeable parallax (a change in the object with respect to moving away and approaching the observer).

Later, a colleague of the scientist Johannes Kepler will write: “Let this star predict nothing, but, in any case, it announced and created a great astronomer.”

heavenly castles

In the same year 1572, when the astronomer met his supernova guiding star, he decided to choose the guiding star of his life. Much to the indignation of noble relatives, she became a simple girl Kirstina - without a pedigree, titles and regalia. In the summer of 1574, the astronomer had already begun to bask in the rays of glory: the king himself invited him to lecture for a year in Copenhagen, where he moved with his wife. After the end of the contract, he went on a trip, during which Landgrave Wilhelm IV hinted to Philip II that such a prominent scientist should not be allowed to go abroad for a long time. So that the astronomer would not leave forever, the king granted the island of Ven, 20 kilometers from the capital, to the observatory in the possession of Tycho Brahe.

Portrait of Tycho's sister, Sophia Brahe, by Johan Jorgensen Kulbars, 1636

Wikimedia Commons

Tycho built a castle there and placed observation instruments. His beloved sister Sophia helped him, whom he jokingly called Urania (the muse of astronomy). The castle itself received the same name.

Uraniborg, view from above

L.G.foto/Wikimedia Commons

It had everything that the soul of a scientist could wish for: an alchemical laboratory, a wall quadrant, his favorite globe, 4 observatories with retractable roofs, overlooking all directions of the world ... The result was the publication of an extensive astronomical treatise. However, a few years later, the benevolent king died, and Christian IV, much more indifferent to the scientific merits of Brahe, took his place. With the manifestation of a certain irascibility of the scientist, it became clear that no concessions would have to be expected - the king completely cut the funding for the astronomer's work. Tycho Brahe had to leave Denmark, move to Prague and become the court mathematician and astrologer of Rudolf II. Monument to Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler in Prague

Mohylek/Wikimedia Commons

In October 1601, Brahe fell ill and died rather quickly. The reasons for his death still cause heated debate: according to legend, he died of a ruptured bladder, afraid to violate etiquette by getting up from the royal table. But in reality, a person does not die from a ruptured bladder, so acute uremia and kidney failure could most likely be the cause.

Another version is the envy of a colleague. Like Salieri, who, according to legend, poisoned Mozart, Kepler is considered by some scientists to be the murderer of his colleague and teacher. This option is supported by the presence of a large amount of mercury in Brahe's hair, but measurement methods are disputed, so uremia is still the most plausible version.

In the Danish town of Knudstrup, in the family of the ancient nobility of 1546, on December 14, the future famous astronomer Tycho Brahe was born. According to the ancient traditions of Denmark, the parents gave the boy to the childless family of his brother, who was an admiral of the Royal Navy. At the age of 12, Tycho enters the University of Copenhagen, but he does not have time to graduate because of the war.

When Tycho was 19 years old, his adoptive father died, and left all his fortune as a legacy, and the family castle, where the guy eventually equipped his observatory and alchemical laboratory. After that, Brahe decides to go back to study, only the plague epidemic becomes an obstacle to this.

Tycho Brahe becomes famous after writing his first book “On a New Star”, after which he is invited to work as a teacher at the University of Copenhagen. And when Tycho traveled, he met the famous German astronomer Wilhelm 4 of Hesse-Kassel, who put in a word to support the activities of Brahe before the king of Denmark, after which the king gives the young scientist an island in 1576 and allocates funds to create an observatory.

But in 1598, the scientist was forced to leave the island for Prague, due to the fact that the new king of Denmark immediately after the coronation forbids teaching, and reduces the funds that were allocated to support the observatory. In Prague, he was offered the position of court astrologer, to which Tycho agreed. Here he lived the rest of his days, and also built another observatory.

Tycho Brahe died at the age of 55, on October 24, 1601. No one can still say for sure about his causes of death, but there are a couple of versions and both are quite interesting. One of these versions says that the cause of his death is the bladder. More precisely, when Tycho Brahe was sitting at dinner at the royal table, he was very impatient to go to the toilet, but at that time, according to the rules of court etiquette, it was impossible to leave the table before the end of the meal, which eventually caused a rupture of the bladder, from which the famous astrologer a few days later died. And they started talking about the second reason, he says, after they decided to dig up the grave of an astrologer, where they found mercury in the hair of a scientist, which became the basis for believing that he was poisoned.

During his life, Tycho Brahe built a printing house for his own manuscripts, ordered excellent astronomical instruments from the Augsburg masters, created a catalog in which there was a description of close to 1000 stars and many other interesting things, but, unfortunately, little information about his work and work has come down to us.

Comments

Guys, no one taught you to proofread the text before publishing?
... he does not have time to finish it (= does not have time to finish it)
... all your fortunes
... Brahe decide again
...becomes a hindrance to this (=becomes a hindrance to this)
... Wilhelm 4 Hesse (4 is a typo or the word Fourth?)
... who said a word to - two commas are missing
... forbids to study (what exactly does he forbid to do?)
... No one can still say for sure about his causes of death, but there are a couple of versions and both are quite interesting. One of these versions says that the cause of his death is the bladder. (Count the errors yourself.)
... built a printing house for his own manuscripts
Conclusion: Russian is not your native language, guys ...

Solar eclipse 1560 BC, in which the main phases almost exactly occurred according to the predictions of the calendar, delighted the young student and sealed his fate.

At the age of fourteen, Tycho Brahe was sent to Aipzig to acquire superficial knowledge, which was then considered sufficient for any public service. There, secretly from his tutor, and against the wishes of his noble parents, Tycho began to study mathematics and astronomy. He bought books and instruments with money that was given to him for pleasure. Upon returning to Copenhagen A565 d.) people of his class took him as a madman. The troubles that he encountered from acquaintances of his family forced him to leave for Germany, where many famous astronomers lived, and among them Landgrave G of Kassel, Wilhelm IV. Tycho Brahe became his friend.

He visited the main German observatory, and passing through Augsburg, whose artists were famous for their art, he ordered many new shells to solve important problems of the starry sky. Returning to Copenhagen, Tycho led a solitary life.

On the occasion of observations made by him over a new star 1572 BC, Chancellor Oke declared himself his patron and aroused the respect of King Frederick II for him, who gave him the islet of Gyuen, lying in the Sound between Elsener and Copenhagen. To this gift the king added a boarding house in 500 ecu, land in Norway, and the canon's income of two thousand ecu for the maintenance of an observatory, also built at the expense of the king.

Thanks to such generosity of Frederick II, Denmark saw an observatory on the Gene, open to observation from all sides of the horizon and named Uraniburg. The observatory no longer exists, but its name will live forever in the memory of astronomers.

When the observatory building was finished, Tycho decorated it with shells that cost him at least 100 thousand thalers. To understand such huge costs, one must read the description of the projectiles in his book Astronomiae instantratae mechanica. These were not shells, but machines of colossal proportions; their circles had a diameter of 5 to 6 cubits B-2.5 meters.); their limbs are of copper and were divided very diligently. Despite the fact that their errors led the astronomer to despair; he said: "A good projectile is an Arabian phoenix." However, he brought the accuracy of observations up to / 3, D, and even up to / b of a fraction of a minute. The main drawback of ancient observations was the imperfection of the ways to measure time. Quietly tried to use clepsydra and clocks.

First, well-purified mercury flowed out of a small hole, and the time was determined by the weight of the leaked metal. Quiet He also used pure lead, turned into a very fine powder. But he did not hide the inconvenience of his clepsydras; he said: “Cunning Mercury laughs at both astronomers and chemists; Saturn also deceives, although it serves better than Mercury.

The clock showed seconds; but it goes without saying that they were without pendulums. The main wheel of the clock outside the observatory was two cubits or about a meter in diameter, and 1200 teeth. Uraniburg was completed in 1580 Mr. Tycho worked there continuously for seventeen years. He married a beautiful peasant woman, Christina; relatives opposed this marriage because it humiliated their nobility; but it was necessary to obey the will of the king.

After the death of Frederick II and during the infancy of Christian IV, the nobles, greatly irritated against Tycho Brahe for his betrayal of their class, for his successes and great fame, began by depriving him of the boarding house, and the observatory of its income, without which it would not could exist. It is said that Tycho kept at least twenty employees for observations and calculations. The main reason for this injustice was Senator Valckendorp. His name, says Laplace, like the names of all people who use their power for evil and to keep the progress of the mind, must be given over to the contempt of posterity.

The hatred of Valkendorp stemmed from the most insignificant incident. Danish writers say that when the young king visited the observatory, then the senator accompanying him became angry at the barking of dogs presented to Tycho by King James VI, and kicked them. Quietly stood up for his dogs, a quarrel began and ended in the destruction of the observatory.

The malice of the senator and the nobility was helped by doctors. In Uraniburg there was a laboratory in which Tycho prepared medicines for the poor for free: the doctors became angry for this and also began to shout against Tycho. Thus, the famous astronomer was forced to leave Uraniburg; with his family and with all his shells, he moved to Germany, where Emperor Rudolph II gave him a brilliant position. But Tycho did not use it for long: he died of urinary retention on October 24 1601 d., fifty years old.

In the portrait of Tycho, everyone will notice that ugliness. During his second trip to Germany, to Rostock, Tycho quarreled with one of his compatriots over a geometric theorem. The quarrel was followed by a duel, in which the astronomer lost most of his nose. To help this grief, Tycho ordered a wax nose to be made, and then the painter painted with all fidelity. In obedience to the truth, we mention with regret that a man who has brought great benefits to the sciences could not fight against the prejudices of his age; he believed in astrology and alchemy. He even believed that Mars foreshadowed the loss of his nose.

This is the basis on which Tycho considered horoscopes beyond doubt. "The sun, moon and stars are completely sufficient for our needs, and therefore the planets, revolving according to amazing laws, would be useless creations if they did not have an influence on the fate of people, and if astrology did not discover their powers." On the same basis Quiet admitted that comets secretly act on the Earth, because in nature nothing exists without a purpose. H Finally, the stars were created in order to support and excite the power of the planets.

In truth, it is sad to see that the head of a first-class scholar was filled with such absurdities - moreover, such a scholar who had so much strength of mind and spirit that he freed himself from the prejudices of his class, which thought that a nobleman would be humiliated if he published some essay. At first, Tycho also submitted to this dogma of the nobility; for a long time he did not dare to publish his observations on the star 1572

Finishing the biography of Tycho, we consider it our duty to remove from him an important accusation in the scientific sense: many say that he compiled and published his system of the world out of envy of the glory of Copernicus; but all of Tycho's writings prove that he had the deepest respect for Copernicus.

When they gave him three rulers, which Copernicus used for his observations, Tycho hung them in the most prominent place in his laboratory and under them the Latin verses of his composition. Here is the meaning of the verses: “The earth has not produced such a genius for many centuries. The ancient giants, desiring to ascend to heaven, set mountains upon mountains, Pelon upon Ossa; but strong in physical strength and weak in mind, they could not succeed in their bold intention. Copernicus, weak in body but strong in genius, reached the last peaks of Mount Olympus with only three pieces of wood.

All things left after this great man are not appreciated; its wooden pieces are not valued either.” Here is a list of Tycho Brahe's published works: De Nova Stella anni 1572. Published in 1573 and then reprinted in Progymnasmes. De mundi aeterei recentioribus phaenomenis; 1588. Tychonis Brahae, apologetica responsio ad cujusqum patetici in scalia dubia, sibi de parallaxi cometarum oposita; 1591. Tychonis Brahae, Dani, epistolarum astronomicarum libri; 1596; reprinted in 1601. Astronomiae instauratae mechanica; 1578; reprinted 1602. Progymnasmata, 1603; reprinted in 1610. Tychonis Brachae de disciplinis mathematicis oratio, in qua simul astrologia et ab objectionibus dissentientium vindicatur; 1621. Tychonis Brahae opera omnia, 1648. This collection does not contain Tycho Brahe's correspondence. Collectanea Historiae celestis, 1657. Historia celestis, 1666 and 1667.

The most important work of the famous astronomer is Progymnasmata, because it contains his main researches; we consider it our duty to analyze it critically.

The main works of Tycho Brahe consisted in observing the sun and in their analysis; they led him to compose new tables. In the analysis of observations, for the first time, the refraction of light in the atmosphere was taken into account, the magnitude of which Tycho determined by his own observations. But, despite the ingenious ways of determining it, Tycho was mistaken in thinking that refraction begins only from 45 ° distance from the luminary to the zenith. He also erred in the very cause of the phenomenon, arguing that it comes from vapors, and not from the air itself. The imperfection of the shells introduced him into the third mistake: he assumed that the rays of the sun and the light of the moon are refracted differently. Despite these errors, Tycho and Rothmann, the astronomer of the Landgrave of Kassel, were the first to pay attention to atmospheric refraction.

Dealing with the moon, Tycho proved that the theory Ptolemy disagree with observations; he discovered that the motion of the moon around the earth is subject to great inequality, especially in octanes, where it reaches 36 °, and in the first and fourth octane it is positive, and in the other two it is negative. This inequality is called variation and is considered one of the most important discoveries of new astronomy*. Tycho paid special attention to periodic changes in the inclination of the lunar orbit to the ecliptic and partially redid his laws. He also owns precious notes on perturbations in the nodes of the same orbit, which move retreatingly. The parallax of the moon determined by him, although not very accurate, is more accurate than all the conclusions of astronomers who preceded him.

Tycho's work in observations of the straight lines - ascensions and declinations of the stars, or in compiling their catalog should also be counted among his useful works.

The light of the sun destroys the light of all the stars, and therefore, before the invention of the telescope, no astronomer could compare their positions directly with the position of the sun. But just as Venus is sometimes visible even with the sun, its position can be compared with the Sun, and then, at night, Venus can be compared with the stars, one can already draw a conclusion about the position of the sun relative to the stars. This method is theoretically satisfactory, but in practice one must beware of many mistakes: it was invented by Cardan and received conclusions that were intolerably erroneous; errors *Zedillo thought that the discovery of the variation belongs to ABeth. See above and in "About the Academy Reports". Here is a dispute on this subject between Biot and the Orientalist in his catalog of stars extending to / 3 degrees, that is, more than in the catalogs of Alphonse and Copernicus. Tycho spent seven years compiling his catalog of stars. It is difficult to explain the reason that made Tycho not accept the Copernican system and create his own. Maybe he was afraid of the persecution of the Roman congregation. Be that as it may, he quietly assumed the Earth to be motionless at the center of the world; all the planets revolve around the sun, and the sun draws them around the earth. In compiling such a system, Tycho could not help but be hampered by epicycles. Indeed, to explain the motion of Saturn, it was necessary to build two epicycles. Tycho thought that the stellar sphere is very close to the orbit of Saturn for the reason that "it is absurd to assume the existence of a void between stars and planets." It seems that Tycho should be ranked among those astronomers mentioned by Copernicus and who believed that matter is evenly divided in space. Aristotle assumed that comets are meteors formed in our atmosphere. Quiet by numerous observations over the comet 1577 G. proved that she did not have a daily parallax, that is, her path was further from the earth than the orbit of the moon. In other comets, Tycho did not even find a year's parallax, i.e., it was outside the solar system.

The free movement of comets in space destroyed the crystal spheres, which, according to the ancients, were necessary for the rotation of the planets. And so Tycho destroyed these spheres, but Purbach arranged them again according to a new plan.

Tycho Brahe's catalog of stars is a precious legacy for astronomers; it contains only 777 stars: but to determine their positions, the Danish astronomer had to work long and diligently.

Tyge (Tycho - in Latin form) Brahe - an outstanding Danish astronomer and astrologer of the Renaissance.

Origin. Childhood. Teenage years

On December 14, 1546, two twin boys were born in the family of Otto Brahe and his wife Bitte Bill. One of them died at birth, and the second survived to become in the future the most famous astronomer of his era.

The parents named the boy Tycho, and his father, who, like the boy's mother, belonged to the Danish nobility, had great hopes for his firstborn. How else? After all, he was the heir, the eldest son, and therefore it was fitting for him to lead an exclusively aristocratic lifestyle, that is, to devote his time to hunting and wars.

But, fortunately, Tycho had an uncle Jorgen, who was much more educated than his parents, who, being childless, concluded an agreement with Otto that he would take the boy into his upbringing. Jorgen was a squire, moreover, he had the rank of vice admiral, and he could give little Tycho an incomparably better education and a higher standard of living than his parents.

But it so happened that Otto changed his mind. Then Jorgen simply stole the boy, despite the threat of murder from Tycho's father. The father of the future astrologer calmed down and stopped pursuing Jorgen only when his youngest son was born and his uncle wrote off all his fortune and a huge house to Tycho.

At seven, at the insistence of Uncle Jorgen, Tycho began to study Latin, which, according to the teacher, should have helped the boy make a brilliant career as a lawyer in the future. Then the boy entered the university, where he became interested in mathematics and music. It was there, at the age of 15, that he changed his name to the Latin manner.

A life changing eclipse

On August 21, 1560, thirteen-year-old Tycho was fortunate enough to witness a partial solar eclipse with his own eyes. But the young Brahe was struck not by the very fact of the eclipse of the star, but by the fact that this event was predicted in advance. He was instantly fascinated by the secret knowledge with which a person could calculate the movements of the celestial spheres.

Since he was a rich boy, he was able to immediately purchase books on astronomy, including Ptolemy's Almagest, as well as a number of astronomical tables. However, his parents did not like his passion for the movement of the planets, so young Brahe was sent to continue his education in Leipzig, Germany, where, after graduating from university, he was supposed to become a lawyer.

However, in those days, knowledge was given very superficially, but even this was considered sufficient to get a profitable place in the service of the state. The young man regularly received money that he had to spend on pleasures: on women and wine. However, Brahe, hiding this from his mentor-tutor and from his parents, did not buy women at all with this money, but astronomical instruments and books, continuing to study astronomy on his own.

No wonder that, having returned to Denmark, the aristocratic community considered Brahe, if not a madman, then a great eccentric.

Observatory

Braga could not continue to live in Copenhagen. He did not have any friends or like-minded people in his homeland, so he decided to leave again for Germany, where many of his fellow astronomers lived at that time. There Brahe, with the help of famous artists, was able to create many new tools for work, and then, when he returned to Denmark, he read, at the request of the king, several lectures on astronomy.

Then King Frederick II presented the scientist with a small island and a content of 500 ecu, on which Brahe opened an astronomical observatory called Uraniburg. Brahe himself invested more than a hundred thousand thalers in equipment.

Discoveries of Brahe

Observing the starry sky, the scientist for the first time voiced the idea that comets are not evaporation at all, as Aristotle believed, but completely independent members of the solar system.

• Brahe, thanks to his work at the observatory, published a catalog that included 788 stars.
• It was Tycho Brahe who was able to fix the irregularities in the movement of the Moon, and the scientist more accurately determined the angle of inclination of the Earth's orbit.

Tycho Brahe died in Prague in 1601.