Royal vodka application. Royal vodka: what it consists of

Royal vodka is a composition of concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids in a ratio of 1:3 by volume. This synthesis has the strongest oxidizing power, dissolving even gold. But why is it called that? It's simple, aqua regia is able to dissolve the "king of metals", that is, gold, and vodka from pet water. In the writings of Albert the Great, this substance was referred to as "aqua secunda" secondary vodka, later other alchemists in their writings called it "aqua regia (regis)".

History of aqua regia

The turning point in the development of chemistry was the 13th century, when alchemists discovered strong mineral acids capable of dissolving many water-insoluble substances. Prior to this, the world knew only about acetic acid, known since ancient times. The newly discovered acids turned out to be a million times stronger, which brought alchemy to a new frontier, because it became possible to produce many chemical processes and reactions. So soon nitric acid was discovered, called "aqua fortis" - strong water, corroding everything that came into contact with it, with the exception of gold, all the metals known at that time. Three centuries later, hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) was discovered.

In 1597, the alchemist Andreas Libavia first described the preparation of aqua regia by mixing a concentrate of nitric and hydrochloric acid. Prior to this, there were attempts to obtain alkahest by dry distilling mixtures of saltpeter, ammonia, blue vitriol and alum in a glass vessel and covering with a lid or cap. This method was described in the XIV century by the alchemist Pseudo-Geber, but it was very painstaking and complex, moreover, such a mixture could cope with silver, but gold was beyond his control. And in the 16th century, a universal solvent was nevertheless found and the invention of “aqua regia” contributed to the development of technical chemistry and the improvement of assay analysis.

What acids does aqua regia consist of?

As for the composition of aqua regia, it turned out that the chemical mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid, when interacting with its components, enhances its abilities several times. The mixture turned out to be so strong that gold dissolves in it, and even platinum at a ratio of 1: 4 (hydrochloric acid, when reacting with nitric acid, releases chlorine, while the solution turns green, and particles of free chlorine attack gold).

The interaction formula looks like this:
Nitric acid oxidizes hydrochloric acid
HNO3 + 3HCl = NOCl + Cl2 + 2H2O.
During this process, two active substances appear: nitrosyl chloride and chlorine, which are able to dissolve gold:
Au + NOCl2 + Cl2 = AuCl3 + NO.

Gold chloride instantly attaches an HCl molecule to itself, and tetrachloroauric acid is formed, also popularly known as “chlorine gold”: AuCl3 + HCl = H (AuCl4).

The preparation of aqua regia at home should take place in compliance with all safety measures and in a well-ventilated area.
To prepare aqua regia, you need to acquire two main ingredients: concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
We also strongly recommend using only glass test tubes (with marks) and a glass rod to evenly stir the "explosive mixture". The original composition is a mixture of two acids in a 1:3 ratio. Mix using only one test tube, do not measure acids in other containers, this way you minimize the chance of spilling acid.
Now you need to discuss separately those components that you will encounter in the manufacture of aqua regia.

Nitric acid

Monobasic acid, sensitive to light, has a very pungent suffocating odor. Nitric acid under strong light will decompose into nitric oxide and water. In this regard, one of the strongest acids is stored in a dark or opaque container. A concentrated solution of nitric acid does not dissolve aluminum and iron, so you can safely store it in a metal container.

I would like to note that nitric acid is a very strong electrolyte (like most acids) and an oxidizing agent. A very interesting fact is that nitric acid (like ozone) can be formed in the atmosphere during strong lightning flashes. The composition of atmospheric air consists of 78% nitrogen, which reacts with atmospheric oxygen. This reaction produces nitric oxide (NO). Subsequently, with further oxidation in the open air, nitric oxide is converted into nitrogen dioxide (NO2, or as it is also called brown gas). When atmospheric moisture reacts with nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid is produced. The concentration in such cases is minimal, and it is not at all dangerous for people, animals and nature.

Hydrochloric acid

The second component of aqua regia is hydrochloric acid. This acid is colorless, in the open air emits steam in the form of "smoke", a very caustic liquid (hydrochloric acid of technical importance may have a yellowish tint due to the presence of iron and chlorine impurities in it).

When it comes to the physical properties of hydrochloric acid, here it is necessary to note its strong side when all metals (which are in the series of voltages up to hydrogen) are dissolved (H2 is released and chloride salts are formed). It is necessary to be very careful when using this acid, to carry out work or experiments in the open air or in a well-ventilated area, since the acid has a very pungent odor and strongly irritates the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract of the human body.

The production of hydrochloric acid occurs by dissolving gaseous hydrogen chloride in ordinary water (H2O). In turn, hydrogen chloride can be obtained by reacting sodium chloride with highly concentrated sulfuric acid.

The use of aqua regia

Many Soviet and post-Soviet families knew the composition of aqua regia by heart. People use it to dissolve gold at home, in order to extract pure gold from microcircuits, transistors, watches and other unnecessary devices that contain a small amount of gold in their composition.

The main aspect of the successful completion of your planned chemical experiment with aqua regia is safety. Use personal protective equipment, follow safety rules, be extremely vigilant and attentive, your life and health will be at stake.

Video about aqua regia

The preparation of aqua regia by mixing concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids is first described in Alchemy by Andreas Libavius ​​(1597). For 1 liter of Tsarskaya vodka, you can pay from 1000 rubles or more. Royal vodka is a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids.

The mixture is prepared immediately before its use: during storage, it decomposes with the formation of gaseous products (the formation of nitrogen dioxide and nitrosyl chloride gives color to aqua regia). Rhodium and iridium in the compact state are stable, but dissolve when heated in the form of fine powders (black).

Royal vodka is a clear liquid when freshly prepared.

To date, almost any person to the question: "What is aqua regia?" will answer with confidence that it is an alcoholic drink. The name aqua regia is used both as a chemical term and as the name of a well-known alcohol.

But after the resulting mixture was able to dissolve the element of gold, which until then was considered indestructible, aqua regia received its official name from the translation of the words "aqua regia". Royal vodka is an acid, which is a mixture of two concentrated acids, and, accordingly, it is strictly forbidden to use it inside.

To do this, you will need: concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids, a glass test tube with marks, a glass rod. Today, aqua regia is used as a reagent, as well as for the sterility of glass instruments in laboratories and in the analysis of alloys.

Most people have heard of aqua regia as an alcoholic drink.

Royal vodka must be very carefully heated to 60-70 degrees and immersed in this mixture alloy. The metal alloy must be pre-cleaned to prevent contamination. In fact, there are not one, or even two, but many recipes for this vodka.

To obtain aqua regia, you need to mix one part of nitric acid and three parts of hydrochloric acid.

It contains: drinking water, ethyl grain alcohol, linden honey and tincture. Vodka of this brand is considered a top-class drink and is sold in expensive frosted glass bottles with decor. The composition of royal vodka was developed on the basis of recipes for alcohol served on the table of the imperial Romanov dynasty. Vodka "Tsarskaya" is produced in several series.

Its composition, in addition to the main ingredients, includes a tincture of bird cherry berries and raspberry leaves. Luxuriously made packaging with a bottle of vodka "Imperial Collection" includes only water, alcohol of the "Lux" class and aromatic alcohol. All four types are also available in beautiful gift boxes. Also, Dr. Bolotov advises taking the drink only for the purpose of treating and cleansing the body.

A volume of 1.5 and 2 liters costs about 1500-2000 rubles. Homemade vodka is usually not for sale, since the ingredients for it are quite easy to find, and the recipe is simple and does not require complex steps. You can buy Tsarskaya vodka both on the Internet and in any store in your city. Today, vodka is a popular product. And vodka of good quality and in beautiful packaging should be on the shelves of all stores.

Royal vodka from acids can be purchased at stores specializing in industrial chemistry. There are not many of them, but you can find them on the Internet. Homemade aqua regia is hard not to praise, especially if you made it yourself. But it is difficult to form a definite opinion about purchased vodka bottled at the factory.

The quality and beautiful performance of Tsarskaya vodka provide it with buyers and positive reviews. The oxidizing properties of aqua regia disappear during storage, because chlorine evaporates from it in the air, and it is he who is the main one in oxidation reactions. Thus came the name aqua regia (also aqua regis, A.R.).

The establishment of the fact of the dissolution of noble metals in aqua regia was considered by alchemists as a solution to one of the most important problems of alchemy: the preparation of alkahest - a universal solvent. Royal vodka is able to dissolve not only gold, but also platinum. How does aqua regia affect precious metals?

mariantas.ru

Royal vodka: what does it consist of?

Royal vodka is a mixture of acids of high concentration, and therefore - the strongest poison. The effect of this mixture on the human body is even scary to imagine - after all, aqua regia is capable of dissolving metals! It usually consists of one part hydrochloric acid (HCl) and three parts nitric acid (HNO3). Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can also be added there. Royal vodka looks like a yellow liquid, from which comes a far from pleasant smell of chlorine and nitrogen oxides.

Royal vodka is remarkable in that it dissolves almost all metals, even such as gold and platinum, but at the same time, metals do not dissolve in any of the acids that make up its composition. Active substances capable of dissolving metals are born with a mixture of acids, in the course of complex chemical reactions. However, there are metals that are too tough for aqua regia: these are rhodium, iridium and tantalum. Fluoroplast and some plastics also do not dissolve in aqua regia.

History of creation and name

Royal vodka was created thanks to the research of alchemists, tireless in search of the legendary "philosopher's stone", which was supposed to turn any substance into gold. They called gold the "king of metals", respectively, the liquid capable of dissolving it was called the "king of the waters" (in Latin - aqua regia). But Russian alchemists translated this name into their native language in a somewhat peculiar way - in their mouths, the “king of the waters” became “royal vodka”.

Alchemists learned how to prepare royal vodka even before hydrochloric acid was discovered. In those days, for the manufacture of this composition, they used the distillation of a mixture of saltpeter, alum and copper sulfate, adding ammonia there as well.

Using aqua regia

Today, when no one is looking for the Philosopher's Stone, aqua regia is used as a reagent in chemical laboratories, for example, when refining gold and platinum. But most often chemists need aqua regia as a reagent for obtaining chloride of various metals. Fans use aqua regia to extract gold from radio components.

It is important to remember that aqua regia retains its properties only in the presence of chlorine in it, which, if you leave the vessel with the substance open, will quickly evaporate. With long-term storage of aqua regia, chlorine also gradually disappears, and the liquid ceases to dissolve metals.

Royal vodka you can drink

There is a cocktail of the same name, which can be prepared according to the following recipe:

- 60 ml of ordinary vodka;
- 10 ml of white dessert vermouth;
- 10 ml of orange tincture;
- 10 ml of pepper tincture;
- ice cubes

Mix all the ingredients and serve in a glass with ice, but gold, of course, will not dissolve this composition.

www.kakprosto.ru

Story

For the first time, Pseudo-Geber described aqua regia. He was an unknown alchemist. His treatises circulated in Europe in the fourteenth century. Long before the discovery of hydrochloric acid, the chemical formula of aqua regia was described in Latin writings. This liquid was obtained by dry sublimation of a mixture of alum, saltpeter, blue vitriol and ammonia in a glass smeared vessel. The container was supplied with a cap or a glass lid.

Albert the Great in his writings calls aqua regia aqua secunda. This name means "secondary vodka". Aqua prima is translated as "primary vodka", which means nitric acid. Some alchemists call the vodka formula aqua regia.

Bonaventure in 1270 publicized his own method for obtaining a miracle liquid: he diluted ammonia in "strong vodka" (aqua fortis, nitric acid). Bonaventure was able to establish that nitric acid can dissolve silver, separating it from gold. He determined that "royal vodka" is able to dissolve the "king of metals" - gold. But until some time it was believed that this substance could not be changed.

Thus, the name aqua regia appeared. Royal vodka began to be denoted by an alchemical symbol made up of the sign of water and the letter "R".

Royal vodka and alchemy

In the alchemy of Andreas Libavius ​​for 1597, the preparation of aqua regia by mixing saturated hydrochloric and nitric acids was first described. Alkagest is a universal solvent. Its preparation was seen as the solution to one of the most important tasks of alchemy.

Royal vodka was used quite often in the practice of alchemy. This has led to a significant increase in knowledge about chemical reactions and substances. In addition, such experiments contributed to the development of technical chemistry and assay analysis.

In the works of Lavoisier, the formula for "royal" vodka was called nitromuric acid. Scientists thought that the chlorine released in the gaseous state was the oxide of the element murium or dephlogisticated hydrochloric acid.

In Russia, she had many names. In the works of M.V. Lomonosov for 1742, it has the name "royal vodka". M. Parpois in 1796 called it "royal vodka". V.V. Petrov in 1801 gave her the name of nitrate-hydrochloric acid, and G.I. Hess in 1831 named it hydronitric acid. Other names for this liquid are also common.

In Russian, the word "vodka" appeared in the fourteenth century. It was a diminutive of the word "water" and had this meaning until the middle of the nineteenth century. Further, this word received the meaning of "alcoholic drink", at first it was dialectal. And only at the beginning of the twentieth century, vodka began to mean strong alcohol.

Properties

Royal vodka has a yellow-orange color with a strong smell of nitrogen dioxide and chlorine. Freshly prepared liquid is colorless, but quickly turns orange.

What is aqua regia made from? Its formula is quite interesting. The interaction of HNO3 and HCI results in a complex mixture of products with high activity, including associates and free radicals. This liquid is one of the most powerful oxidizing agents. The mixture is prepared right before use, as it decomposes during storage and loses its oxidizing qualities:

3HCl+HNO3=2Cl+NOCl+2H2O

The effectiveness of aqua regia as an oxidizing agent is largely associated with a decrease in the possibility of metal oxidation. This is due to the formation of complex chloride compounds. Complexation in an oxidizing, strongly acidic environment makes it possible to liquefy low activity metals such as platinum, gold and palladium already at room temperature.

Application

This liquid is used as a reagent in chemical laboratories. It cleans glassware from traces of organic substances. Royal vodka is used in assay analyzes of high-grade metals and their alloys, in the refining of platinum and gold, in the production of metal chlorides, and so on.

Vodka

Vodka is a colorless alcoholic drink. It is a water-alcohol liquid without obvious smell and taste. The strength of vodka can be completely different: according to Russian standards - 40-45% and 50-56% by volume, according to EU legislation - at least 37.5%.

The classic formula for vodka is quite interesting - C2H5OH 40% + H2O 60%. The production process of this liquid consists of preparing reclaimed water and mixing rectified ethyl alcohol extracted from food raw materials with reconstituted water. The water-alcohol mixture is processed with modified starch or activated carbon. Then it is filtered, ingredients are added, mixed, re-filtered and poured into consumer containers. Finished products are processed accordingly.

No less interesting is the chemical formula of vodka with a strength of 40.0 - 45.0% with a special aroma and taste. Such a liquid is called special. It is produced by adding a variety of ingredients, flavoring and aromatic additives.

With immoderate and regular use, vodka causes alcohol dependence and addiction.

Mendeleev

In Russia, there are many legends about "bitter". One of the myths points to the connection between the appearance of vodka and the activities of D.I. Mendeleev. The basis was his doctoral dissertation, which was called "On the combination of alcohol with water."

Oh, this formula of Mendeleev's vodka! What is she really like? The myth tells the following:

• While doing his dissertation, the scientist established the unusual properties of a water-alcohol liquid. The mixture had an ethanol concentration of 43% by volume and had a strange effect on a living organism.
• With a similar concentration, a water-alcohol liquid can only be obtained by mixing the weight parts of alcohol and water.
• Based on these facts, Mendeleev was able to develop a recipe called "Moscow Special". This exclusive was patented by the Russian government in 1894 as a national Russian vodka.

Of course, D.I. Mendeleev never took part in the creation or modernization of vodka. Only a few of his works were subsequently used to make this liquid.

info-4all.ru

History of aqua regia

The turning point in the development of chemistry was the 13th century, when alchemists discovered strong mineral acids capable of dissolving many water-insoluble substances. Prior to this, the world knew only about acetic acid, known since ancient times. The newly discovered acids turned out to be a million times stronger, which brought alchemy to a new frontier, because it became possible to produce many chemical processes and reactions. So nitric acid was soon discovered, called "aqua fortis" - strong water, corroding everything that came into contact with it, with the exception of gold, all the metals known at that time. Three centuries later, hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) was discovered.

In 1597, the alchemist Andreas Libavia first described the preparation of aqua regia by mixing a concentrate of nitric and hydrochloric acid. Prior to this, there were attempts to obtain alkahest by dry distilling mixtures of saltpeter, ammonia, blue vitriol and alum in a glass vessel and covering with a lid or cap. This method was described in the XIV century by the alchemist Pseudo-Geber, but it was very painstaking and complex, moreover, such a mixture could cope with silver, but gold was beyond his control. And in the 16th century, a universal solvent was nevertheless found and the invention of “aqua regia” contributed to the development of technical chemistry and the improvement of assay analysis.

What acids does aqua regia consist of?

As for the composition of aqua regia, it turned out that the chemical mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid, when interacting with its components, enhances its abilities several times. The mixture turned out to be so strong that gold dissolves in it, and even platinum at a ratio of 1: 4 (hydrochloric acid, when reacting with nitric acid, releases chlorine, while the solution turns green, and particles of free chlorine attack gold).

The interaction formula looks like this:
Nitric acid oxidizes hydrochloric acid
HNO3 + 3HCl = NOCl + Cl2 + 2H2O.
During this process, two active substances appear: nitrosyl chloride and chlorine, which are able to dissolve gold:
Au + NOCl2 + Cl2 = AuCl3 + NO.

Gold chloride instantly attaches an HCl molecule to itself, and tetrachloroauric acid is formed, also popularly known as “chlorine gold”: AuCl3 + HCl = H (AuCl4).

The preparation of aqua regia at home should take place in compliance with all safety measures and in a well-ventilated area.
To prepare aqua regia, you need to acquire two main ingredients: concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
We also strongly recommend using only glass test tubes (with marks) and a glass rod to evenly stir the "explosive mixture". The original composition is a mixture of two acids in a 1:3 ratio. Mix using only one test tube, do not measure acids in other containers, this way you minimize the chance of spilling acid.
Now you need to discuss separately those components that you will encounter in the manufacture of aqua regia.

Nitric acid

Monobasic acid, sensitive to light, has a very pungent suffocating odor. Nitric acid under strong light will decompose into nitric oxide and water. In this regard, one of the strongest acids is stored in a dark or opaque container. A concentrated solution of nitric acid does not dissolve aluminum and iron, so you can safely store it in a metal container.

I would like to note that nitric acid is a very strong electrolyte (like most acids) and an oxidizing agent. A very interesting fact is that nitric acid (like ozone) can be formed in the atmosphere during strong lightning flashes. The composition of atmospheric air consists of 78% nitrogen, which reacts with atmospheric oxygen. This reaction produces nitric oxide (NO). Subsequently, with further oxidation in the open air, nitric oxide is converted into nitrogen dioxide (NO2, or as it is also called brown gas). When atmospheric moisture reacts with nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid is produced. The concentration in such cases is minimal, and it is not at all dangerous for people, animals and nature.

Hydrochloric acid

The second component of aqua regia is hydrochloric acid. This acid is colorless, in the open air emits steam in the form of "smoke", a very caustic liquid (hydrochloric acid of technical importance may have a yellowish tint due to the presence of iron and chlorine impurities in it).

When it comes to the physical properties of hydrochloric acid, here it is necessary to note its strong side when all metals (which are in the series of voltages up to hydrogen) are dissolved (H2 is released and chloride salts are formed). It is necessary to be very careful when using this acid, to carry out work or experiments in the open air or in a well-ventilated area, since the acid has a very pungent odor and strongly irritates the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract of the human body.

The production of hydrochloric acid occurs by dissolving gaseous hydrogen chloride in ordinary water (H2O). In turn, hydrogen chloride can be obtained by reacting sodium chloride with highly concentrated sulfuric acid.

The use of aqua regia

Many Soviet and post-Soviet families knew the composition of aqua regia by heart. People use it to dissolve gold at home, in order to extract pure gold from microcircuits, transistors, watches and other unnecessary devices that contain a small amount of gold in their composition.

The main aspect of the successful completion of your planned chemical experiment with aqua regia is safety. Use personal protective equipment, follow safety rules, be extremely vigilant and attentive, your life and health will be at stake.

Royal vodka is not an elite alcohol available only to representatives of royal families, but a dangerous mixture of acids that even affects metals. Anyone who wants to taste this substance can only express condolences, since aqua regia can cause irreparable harm to the body.

Royal vodka: what it consists of

Royal vodka is a mixture of highly concentrated acids, which are a very strong poison. Royal vodka is deadly to humans, as it dissolves even metals. It is made from one part hydrochloric acid (HCl) and three parts nitric acid (HNO3). Sometimes sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is also added there. Royal vodka looks like a yellow liquid, emitting a terrible smell of oxidized nitrogen and chlorine.

The main advantage of aqua regia is that it is able to dissolve any kind of metals, including gold and platinum, although the metals do not dissolve individually in any of the acids that make up the liquid. With a mixture of acids, active substances appear, which give rise to chemical reactions that can dissolve metals. At the same time, metals such as tantalum, rhodium and iridium are not affected by aqua regia and remain intact. Among other substances that do not dissolve in the acid mixture are fluoroplast and certain types of plastic.

History of creation and name

We owe the creation of aqua regia to the ancient alchemists who were looking for the legendary philosopher's stone that could turn any substance into gold. Since gold was considered the king of metals, the liquid capable of dissolving it was called aqua regia, which means “king of the waters” in Latin. In Rus', the name of the substance was somewhat changed, and it became known as aqua regia. The production of aqua regia began immediately after the alchemists managed to obtain hydrochloric acid. Such a composition was obtained from the distillation of copper sulfate, saltpeter and alum, which were sometimes also mixed with ammonia.

Using aqua regia

Today, few people are interested in the philosopher's stone, and aqua regia is used as a reagent in chemical laboratories, for example, for refining platinum and gold. Also, with the help of aqua regia, chlorides of various metals are obtained. Some amateurs can use aqua regia to extract a small amount of gold from old radio components. The substance retains its properties due to the presence of chlorine in it, which begins to evaporate if the vessel is left open. If you store aqua regia for a very long time, then it will disappear and will no longer dissolve metals.

Ordinary people who are not related to chemistry do not always know what Royal Vodka is. Often it is confused with the usual alcoholic drink. In fact, aqua regia is a mixture of concentrated acids, which is used to dissolve any metals, including precious ones.

The composition of aqua regia includes hydrochloric acid (one volume) and nitric acid (three volumes). Sometimes sulfuric acid is added. This solution has many recipes. In the Middle Ages, aqua regia was prepared by distilling a mixture of saltpeter, blue vitriol and alum with the addition of ammonia.

Today, the most popular recipe includes a combination of nitric and hydrochloric acids. The peculiarity of such a solution is that it doubles and triples its oxidizing properties.

Separately, none of the acids that make up its composition can dissolve metals.

It is often used to dissolve rare earth and precious metals in the aqua regia industry. The chemistry of such metals has its own specific features: the dissolution process is carried out in stages. First, nitric acid oxidizes hydrochloric acid.

During this reaction, chlorine and nitrosyl chloride are formed, which, in turn, can also platinum. The reaction produces tetrachloroauric acid, colloquially known as "chlorine gold", from which it is easy to obtain metallic gold.

The resulting acid, which includes gold in its composition, dissolves well in water. Its crystals are light yellow.

The solution therefore turns yellowish. When heated, the composition decomposes with the release of hydrochloric acid and gold chloride, which has a reddish-brown color.

With continued heating, all gold compounds decompose with the release of metallic gold. When platinum is dissolved in aqua regia, chloroplatinic acid is obtained. When the solution is evaporated, it is released in the form of red-brown crystals of the composition.

Often, mining people want to learn how to make aqua regia on their own. Such a highly oxidizing solution is not sold ready-made. To extract precious metals, it can be prepared on your own.

Aqua regia can be obtained by mixing one part of nitric acid and 3 parts of hydrochloric acid. It is necessary to strictly adhere to the proportions so that the reaction is strong.

Nitric and hydrochloric acid

If this is not done, then the solution will not dissolve precious metals due to the weakness of the reaction. Do not mix reagents by eye, as this will not achieve proper accuracy.

When preparing such a solution, you should:

• use protective equipment for hands and eyes;
• measuring tube, which will help to accurately establish the proportions;
• hood to remove toxic fumes of acids;
• a specially prepared platform on the working table, which will provide protection against the spillage of hazardous acids and chemical burns.

The preparation of aqua regia must be carried out in compliance with strict proportions. Only in this case will it be possible to obtain a composition that will dissolve gold and platinum. How to cook aqua regia in stages, will be described below.

Stages of preparation of aqua regia

1. First, hydrochloric acid must be poured into a chemical vessel with risks, since it needs more than nitric acid to prepare aqua regia. When mixing reagents in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid must be poured. This will avoid unnecessary splashing of components and therefore chemical burns.
2. After that, nitric acid is added. It must be poured in a thin stream to avoid the appearance of dangerous splashes. Do not lean towards the test tube, as acid vapors are dangerous if they get into the respiratory tract or into the eyes. Pour in the reagents at arm's length from the face.
3. The resulting composition of acids should be mixed with a stick very carefully. You can not shake the solution very strongly, as it is very dangerous. Royal vodka will be ready when the sediment falls to the bottom of the container in which it is located.

At first, its color will be yellow, like hydrochloric acid. Within an hour, the solution will change color to dark orange. This will be proof that the reaction went right.

Premium alcoholic drink vodka "Royal" is in demand on the market and occupies one of the leading places among elite drinks. There is a simple explanation for this - the quality of products is at a high level, the unusual design of the bottle, the availability of a choice of assortment. All over the world, professionals talk about its special qualities: the softness of the drink, the impeccable classic taste, the full tandem of flavor shades. The products have won many awards at international exhibitions. The number of admirers is constantly increasing.

The pricing policy is designed for different buyers. So the cost of one bottle fluctuates in the range from 95 rubles to 1400 rubles for 0.5 liters.

• 0.05 l "Royal" on sale from 90.00 rubles. up to 100 rubles;
• 0.375 l "Royal" on sale from 400 rubles. up to 420 rubles;
• 0.5 l "Royal" on sale from 530 rubles. up to 560 rubles;
• 0.7 l "Royal" on sale from 700 rubles. up to 730 rubles;
• 1.0 l "Royal" on sale from 980 rubles. up to 1000 rubles;
• Gift box "royal original" on sale from 920 rubles. up to 1000 rubles;
• Regular bottle and gift decoration "Royal Gold" on sale from 680 rubles. up to 750 rubles;
• Set of 3 bottles, gift decoration "Tsarskaya Original" on sale from 1360 rubles. up to 1400 rub.

Navigation

The PG Ladoga enterprise produces an alcoholic drink in St. Petersburg. The world market of 50 countries is covered. In Russia, vodka goes on sale in more than 100,000 trade establishments.

The recipe is based on:

• ethyl alcohol, category "Lux", from grain;
• corrected water, drinking;
• in tandem with linden honey, an infusion of linden inflorescences is added as an additive.

The impetus for the creation of a new brand was the celebration of a big date: the 300th anniversary of the founding of St. Petersburg by Peter the Great in 1703 (the drink became known in 2003). The drink is produced in a volume of 0.05 liters to 1 liter. A great achievement in recognizing the quality of products are awards:

• United Vodka-2005;
• PRODEXPO-2005, two years later and for 2007. The high quality has been confirmed.

Product Features

The peculiarity of the technological process is the passage of the filtration product in 2 stages: silver and birch coals. This gives the vodka such softness.

Cosmetic glass, which is used to create a container, allows you to maintain the original taste.

According to the technology, water from Lake Ladoga is combined with alcohol (belongs to the "Lux" category), filtered through several stages and saturated with linden components, which are known for their healing properties.

Under the brand of St. Petersburg vodka, 4 types are produced:

1. The first vodka name that was introduced to the market was "Royal Original". It was she who was timed to coincide with the celebration of the birthday of the city on the Niva. It contains rectified alcohol of the category "Lux". It is made from durum wheat. As an additive, an infusion made on linden blossom and linden monofloral honey is used. The strength of the drink is 40%. On sale bottle capacity 0.5 l; 0.7 l; 0.75 l; 1 l. Premium vodka is given as a present, and therefore it is also produced in a gift box.
2. Recipes of vodka from the time of Peter the Great were raised and vodka was created on their basis "Royal Golden". As part of the alcohol "Lux", the crystal clear water of the famous Lake Ladoga, from the flowering of the linden, an infusion and honey with its healing qualities are used. It differs from other drinks by the process of cleaning through the created system of special membranes, which are pierced with a golden thread. For the container, a special glass was used, commonly called apothecary glass. The design of the bottle is made in gold. In 2006, the drink was chosen at the official level, at the G8 summit. Vodka is produced with a strength of 40%. On sale comes in volumes of 0.5 liters, 0.7 liters, 0.75 liters, and the largest - 1 liter.
3. Super premium vodka category - a drink with a strength of 40% "Tsarskoye Selo". Based on recipes from the archives of the Tsarskoe Selo reserve. It is poured into a damask bottle, which is made in the Czech Republic. The volume of the bottle repeats the capacity of the two previous varieties of the drink of this brand.
4. Elite vodka, which is on sale only in a volume of 0.75 liters - "Imperial Collection".

The line of "Tsarskaya" vodka today has been added with fruit types with a strength of 38% (cranberry, currant, grapefruit, citron, raspberry). "Original New Year's" vodka is produced in small batches, 40% alcohol.

A quality drink bottle has a concave bottom. Decorated with relief inscriptions: front label with the image of Great Peter. All stickers must be carefully applied. On the back of the bottle there is a label with the words of the great A.S. Pushkin, the world-famous poem "The Bronze Horseman". Pay attention from the front label to the side of the bottle: the “Premium” engraving is mandatory. Anti-counterfeiting protection on the neck of the bottle: a label with the coat of arms and the inscription "Royal vodka" in the imprint, and everything is covered with a protective film with the brand logo. Around the dispenser you can read "Royal". By law, a bottle of vodka has a federal brand.

How and with what to drink Tsarskaya vodka?

A special drink requires a special attitude. Vodka "Tsarskaya" is advised to be consumed in a royal way: a cold drink in a crystal decanter and piles, and an appetizer on a spoiled tablecloth. The appetizer should be different: herring with onions, tomatoes, squash, red and black caviar. The meat should be without spices to feel the taste of the drink. Grilled meat would be very appropriate.

Enjoy your drink slowly. Get comfortable in your chair. Imagine yourself as a master. Of course, it is not necessary to have master's furs, but a decanter for vodka is desirable. Of course, it is better to drink cold.