Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences rgufxsmith Marina Zhiyar: when I give two marks, students say to me “thank you!” Daily nutritional norms and energy needs of children and adolescents Types of physical activity.

Tasks 32

32 . Which part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is such regulation ensured?

Option 1

29. Using the content of the text "Beekeeping", answer the following questions.

BEEKEEPING

From time immemorial, the bee became a pet of man, who provided the bee family with a suitable room for it and in return used the products it delivered: honey, wax and healing bee glue - propolis. Honey replaced our current sugar, and wax provided the best material for candles at that time.

In ancient times, people provided bees only with hollows of forest trees, where the bee colony settled. Such hollows were called “borti”, and this primitive method of beekeeping was called beekeeping. When extracting honey using this method, bee colonies were destroyed.

Later, as forests were cut down, beekeepers, instead of the previous beekeeping, began to organize special areas - apiaries, where bees were provided with special hives in the form of hollowed-out nests or logs that resembled the hollow of a tree. Essentially, these ancient hives were not much different from beehives, and the inner life of the bee colony remained invisible to the beekeeper. The beekeeper did not know the lifestyle of the domesticated animal he was dealing with. Man could not direct the activities of the bees at his own discretion, and by extracting honeycombs from the hive, he simply robbed the bees, causing enormous devastation in the bee family. This method of beekeeping did not allow the extraction of honey and wax on an industrial scale, since bee colonies often did not survive after collecting honey.

Therefore, at the beginning of the 19th century, a collapsible frame hive was designed, consisting of a box into which frames for honeycombs were inserted. It allowed the bees' products to be used without harming the hive population, since the frames filled with honey and sealed with wax were replaced with empty ones. Honey and wax were extracted without causing significant harm to the bee colony, and the process of producing beekeeping products became continuous. Special glassed hives, with the help of which it was possible to observe the activities of bees, made it possible to create a scientifically based doctrine about the life activity of bees - beekeeping.

1) What is the name of the type of hive in the form of hollowed-out nests that resembled the hollow of a tree?

2) With what type of hive is it possible to maintain the maximum number of bee colonies?

3) What beekeeping products are not mentioned in the text that modern people use? (Name one product.)

30. Using the table “Approximate daily water exchange of a person,” answer the following questions.

=Table

Approximate daily water exchange of a person (in l)

1) How much liquid does the human body consume during the day?

2) In what substances is water released from the body?

3) Why is the amount of water received somewhat less than the water released from the body?

31. Using the data from the tables (pp. 11-12), complete the task:

A student at the Institute of Physical Education, Marina, goes in for equestrian sports. Every day after college she rides horses for 95 minutes. After training, a girl goes to have a snack at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum protein content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for the energy costs of the workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Marina always orders an omelette with ham.

Task 31

Example number

Task 32

Example number

Option 1

29. Using the content of the text "Beekeeping", answer the following questions.

BEEKEEPING

From time immemorial, the bee became a pet of man, who provided the bee family with a suitable room for it and in return used the products it delivered: honey, wax and healing bee glue - propolis. Honey replaced our current sugar, and wax provided the best material for candles at that time.

In ancient times, people provided bees only with hollows of forest trees, where the bee colony settled. Such hollows were called “borti”, and this primitive method of beekeeping was called beekeeping. When extracting honey using this method, bee colonies were destroyed.

Later, as forests were cut down, beekeepers, instead of the previous beekeeping, began to organize special areas - apiaries, where bees were provided with special hives in the form of hollowed-out nests or logs that resembled the hollow of a tree. Essentially, these ancient hives were not much different from beehives, and the inner life of the bee colony remained invisible to the beekeeper. The beekeeper did not know the lifestyle of the domesticated animal he was dealing with. Man could not direct the activities of the bees at his own discretion, and by extracting honeycombs from the hive, he simply robbed the bees, causing enormous devastation in the bee family. This method of beekeeping did not allow the extraction of honey and wax on an industrial scale, since bee colonies often did not survive after collecting honey.

Therefore, at the beginning of the 19th century, a collapsible frame hive was designed, consisting of a box into which frames for honeycombs were inserted. It allowed the bees' products to be used without harming the hive population, since the frames filled with honey and sealed with wax were replaced with empty ones. Honey and wax were extracted without causing significant harm to the bee colony, and the process of producing beekeeping products became continuous. Special glassed hives, with the help of which it was possible to observe the activities of bees, made it possible to create a scientifically based doctrine about the life activity of bees - beekeeping.

1) What is the name of the type of hive in the form of hollowed-out nests that resembled the hollow of a tree?

2) With what type of hive is it possible to maintain the maximum number of bee colonies?

3) What beekeeping products are not mentioned in the text that modern people use? (Name one product.)

30. Using the table “Approximate daily water exchange of a person,” answer the following questions.

Table

Approximate daily water exchange of a person (in l)

1) How much liquid does the human body consume during the day?

2) In what substances is water released from the body?

3) Why is the amount of water received somewhat less than the water released from the body?

31. Using the data from the tables (pp. 11-12), complete the task:

A student at the Institute of Physical Education, Marina, goes in for equestrian sports. Every day after college she rides horses for 95 minutes. After training, a girl goes to have a snack at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum protein content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for the energy costs of the workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Marina always orders an omelette with ham.

Please indicate in your answer: energy consumption of the athlete, recommended dishes that should not be repeated; amount of proteins; calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed energy expenditure during training.

32. Why should a person limit his sugar intake? Give at least two arguments

Criteria for assessing assignments option 1.

Task 29

	Points
elements: The answer to the first question. 1) Decks. The answer to the second question. 2) Collapsible frame. Answer to the third question. 3) Bee venom or royal jelly
The answer includes the three elements mentioned above and does not contain biological errors
The answer includes two of the above elements and does not contain biological errors. The answer includes the three elements mentioned above, but contains minor biological errors
The answer includes one of the elements listed above and does not contain biological errors. The answer includes two of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors
Wrong answer
Maximum score

Task 30

	Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements: 2) Urine, feces, exhaled air, sweat. 3) Metabolic water is not taken into account in the table
The correct answer includes all of the listed elements and does not contain biological errors
The answer includes two of the above elements and does not contain biological errors. The answer includes three of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors
The answer includes one of the elements listed above and does not contain biological errors. The answer includes two of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors
Wrong answer
Maximum score

Task 31

	Points
The following are correct response elements: Energy consumption during training – 618 kcal. Ordered dishes: omelet with ham, Caesar salad, tea without sugar. Amount of proteins – 35 g; calorie content of the ordered lunch – 600 kcal
The energy consumption during training is correctly indicated, the ordered menu is given, the protein content and calorie content of lunch are indicated
The energy consumption during training is correctly indicated; a menu is given that corresponds to the caloric content task; The calorie content of lunch and the protein content are indicated, but the menu does not take into account the requirement that it should include an omelette with ham. The energy consumption during training is correctly indicated; a menu is given that corresponds to the conditions of the task, but the calorie content of lunch and/or protein content is not indicated or indicated incorrectly
Only energy consumption during training is indicated correctly.
Wrong answer
Maximum score

Task 32

Students' responses to assignments option 1

Today, April 25, Marina Zhiillard, head of the handball department and director of the Institute of Scientific and Pedagogical Education, celebrates her birthday. She is also a member of the dissertation committee and the comprehensive scientific group on handball. According to the birthday girl, the experience she gained in team sports helps her successfully switch from one type of activity to another. And once she came to handball only to get an exemption from school. In the “Hero of the Day” project, she talks about how singing lessons at school were disrupted and how a sense of pride in GCOLIFK prevented her from drowning in Thailand.

Born in Nizhny Novgorod, which was then called Gorky. My parents live there, I go to them. And the city itself has changed and has become a little alien.

I've been involved in sports since first grade- I took part in athletics, swimming, skiing, and even got into gymnastics by accident. Then they told me - no, girl, you are so tall, go play basketball. I went to volleyball, then basketball. The class played basketball, football, and hockey together.

They fooled around to the fullest. Before the singing lesson, we ran to the kiosk for ice cream, ate it and then, naturally, wheezed when we were forced to take the solo. We didn’t have time to finish the ice cream, it was melting and dripping from the desk...

When we were called to sing in threes, it began - some into the forest, some for firewood, some booming, some squeaking... It was a lot of fun. We had a young teacher, and we, fifth graders, tested her strength in this way. We didn’t go to choir stubbornly, because the songs were not quite suitable for the fourth or fifth grade, for example, “The Alarm of Buchenwald”... The head teacher caught us and took us by the hand to choral singing.

I also went to a music club and played the accordion.. Grandma loved the song “Steppe and steppe all around,” my dog ​​sang along, and I accompanied them. But the accordion was not in my heart. I wanted to play the violin, but my mother said, here’s an accordion, we don’t need to play here. And then I gave up music, I had enough other activities - I went to basketball in the morning, and track and field in the evening. Now I think I needed to reach some final level, to better master the musical instrument.

She was a leader, then the chairman of the pioneer detachment. I remember well the solemn ceremony of admission to the Komsomol. Mom then prepared a festive dinner, on the way, as usual, I broke my knee, they gave me first aid, then they congratulated me...

I read avidly, re-read the entire school library. The librarian thought that I just took books and brought them back. My favorites were “Two Captains” and “Timur and His Team,” especially after watching the films. We tried to help all the grandparents...

She received her first instructions in sports from physical education teachers. At our school, physical education was taught very seriously, there were good teachers, and to get an “A” you had to work hard. And I was an excellent student, and getting a B in physical education was not normal for me. Moreover, I ran and jumped on par with the boys, I had only two rivals among the boys, and among the girls there were no competitors at all.

After the seventh grade, I was transferred to a class with in-depth study of mathematics and physics. It was a shock for me - all the new guys, only four excellent students were taken from our school, the rest were from other schools. The level was very high; after six months, many excellent students became poor or C students and returned to their schools.

I came to handball by accident. A girl from class invited me to practice. At that time I went to basketball and knew nothing about handball. But a classmate promised - if they take you, you will get an exemption from classes, and we will go to the competition. The release from classes was enough motivation to do anything...

We came to training, and at first I really didn’t like it, because in handball, unlike basketball, you are allowed to push and block your opponent. I decided that this was some kind of wild sport. But the coach liked me, and he suggested that I switch to handball, since there was no adult basketball team as such, but here it was supposed that there would be a team. I came with a creak several times, then we went to the competition. Later, interest appeared, since there are more opportunities to express oneself in handball than in basketball.

Immediately after school I went to work as a coach, the executive committee gave me permission . I started working with kids, studied at the same time, and performed in my team. My children played well and beat the children of famous coaches.

In Moscow for twenty years already. She completed her postgraduate studies at the Lev Pavlovich Matveev Department of Theoretical and Methodological Foundations of Physical Culture and Sports at the State Center for Physical Culture and Sports, then her doctorate and remained at the department.

She started teaching with Vladimir Pavlovich Filin. He gave lectures to correspondence students, and I taught seminars. Most of the students were much older than me, I was very worried. I was so prepared for these classes! It seemed like I knew everything, but I thought that suddenly they would ask me about something, and I wouldn’t answer, what a disgrace... Although I read a lot and was an active athlete and coach, I had something to tell them.

It is especially difficult to speak in front of large audiences,where very different people are gathered, some are not interested at all... It was difficult to find a common language with everyone. But I tried to adapt the material for students of different directions.

I love my job and my students, I scold them sometimes, I try to educate them. Vladimir Pavlovich explained to me how to evaluate students. He said: “When you give a bad mark, the student should understand what it is for and should be grateful to you.” I was inspired by this idea, and even for bad marks, which I rarely give, students sometimes say “Thank you” to me.

I live outside the city, in the village. I go there every day, the traffic jams are tiring, but what can I do? I wake up at 5 am, I’m already used to it. Sometimes I take papers home so I can leave before traffic jams and work in peace at home. I want peace, nature, silence. We are still finishing the house, then we will do landscape design. Last summer we tried the first berries from our own garden - raspberries, currants, blueberries, lingonberries...

I spend my holidays actively. We walk in the mountains, pick mushrooms, sail on a boat. Once we were on a three-day cruise on Lake Geneva with an excursion, we walked around the entire French coast, and visited all the castles.

During a trip to the Universiade with our teachers to Thailand for the first time in my life I did two dives , immediately to a decent depth - 19 meters. At first I got seasick on the boat on which we got to the dive point, but when I saw the underwater world, everything went away, all that was left was delight.

We swam there in August, it was no longer the season, there were big waves. But we are athletes! We swam in the waves, rescuers rushed along the shore and tried to persuade us to return. We set sail, but it’s very difficult to swim back; the undercurrent pulls us back. It was impossible to disgrace yourself, otherwise they would say that they came from the Russian State University of Physics and Technology and Drowned! I strained all my strength and swam to the shore.

Life credo. If you undertake to do something, you need to do it well. Or it’s better not to take it at all. I encourage those who work with me to do the same.

Body temperature, ºС %
losses
in weight
during
activity
during
hibernation
during
activity
during
hibernation
Hedgehog 75 25 35.5 3.1 31.2
Bat 420 16 37.5 2.6 33.5
Hamster 175 13 38.5 4.5 35
Yellow gopher
225 12 37.0 1.4 43 1) Does the body temperature of animals drop below 0 ºС during hibernation?
2) Which of the listed animals normally spends more energy during the period of their activity?
3) Which of the listed animals loses the most weight during hibernation and why?
31.
Svetlana, a student at the theater school, always watches her figure and does rhythmic gymnastics at the fitness club three times a week. After an hour and a half class, Svetlana goes to a fast food restaurant to have a snack. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer the girl the optimal calorie menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during an hour and a half lesson. When choosing, please note that
Svetlana chooses dishes with the least amount of carbohydrates and drinks tea without sugar.
In your answer, indicate: energy consumption during gymnastics; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; calorie content of lunch and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
32. What is dietary fiber? Why is dietary fiber good for the body?

55
Criteria for assessing assignments of option 2.
Task 29

(other wording of the answer is allowed without distorting its meaning)
Points
The answer to the first question.
1) The formation of continents near the equator and the creation of small coastal areas.
The answer to the second question.
2) Tissues and organs; independence of reproduction from water; seed formation.
Answer to the third question.
3) Armored fish - bony fish - lobe-finned fish - amphibians - the first reptiles (cotylosaurs) - modern reptiles.
3
OR
2
OR
1
OR
Wrong answer
0
Maximum score
3
Task 30
Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions

Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) The body temperature of animals does not fall below 0 ºС.
2) The bat spends more energy.
3) Gophers live in steppes and semi-deserts. During droughts, food runs out in the summer, so they hibernate at this time of year and sleep until next spring

56
3
OR
The answer includes three of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors
2
OR
1
Wrong answer 0
Maximum score
3
Task 31
Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions
(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)
Points
Energy consumption during gymnastics is 585 kcal.
Ordered dishes: Caesar salad, country potatoes and tea without sugar.
The calorie content of the ordered lunch is 565 kcal; amount of carbohydrates – 53 g
The energy consumption during gymnastics is correctly indicated; The ordered menu is shown, the calorie content of lunch and the carbohydrate content in it are indicated
3
The energy consumption during gymnastics is correctly indicated; a menu is given that corresponds to the caloric content task; The calorie content of lunch and the carbohydrate content are indicated, but the menu does not take into account the requirement that it should include tea without sugar.
OR
The energy consumption during gymnastics is correctly indicated; a menu is provided that corresponds to the conditions of the task, but the calorie content of lunch and/or the carbohydrate content is not indicated or indicated incorrectly
2
Only energy consumption during gymnastics is indicated correctly.
1
Wrong answer
0
Maximum score
3

57
Task 32
Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions
(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)
Points
The response must include the following elements:
1.
Fibers are indigestible components of plant cell walls (fiber).
2. Any of the following arguments can be given:
– fibers bind some toxic substances and bile acids;
– fiber reduces cholesterol and glucose levels in the blood;
– fibers stimulate the excretion of bile, normalize the functioning of the biliary tract
The answer includes the two elements mentioned above and does not contain biological errors
2
The answer includes one of the elements mentioned above, OR the answer includes the two elements mentioned above, but contains minor biological errors
1
Wrong answer
0
Maximum score
2

58
Student #5
Expert points:
Job number
Point
29 30 31 32

59
Student #6
Expert points:
Job number
Point
29 30 31 32

60
Standards of expert assessments for works of option 2
Student #5
Job number
Point
29 2 30 2 31 0 32 0
Student #6
Job number
Point
29 2 30 3 31 2 32 1

61
Option 3
29. Using the content of the text "Structure of the stem of a woody plant", answer the following questions.
STRUCTURE OF A WOODY PLANT STEM
The stem of a woody plant is protected from the outside by integumentary tissues.
In young stems in spring, the cells of the integumentary tissue are covered with a thin skin. In perennial plants, by the end of the first year of life, the skin is replaced by a multilayer plug consisting of dead cells filled with air. For breathing, young shoots have stomata in the skin, and later lentils are formed - large, loosely arranged cells with large intercellular spaces.
Adjacent to the integumentary tissue is a cortex formed by different tissues.
The outer part of the cortex is represented by layers of mechanical tissue cells with thickened membranes and thin-walled cells of the main tissue.
The inner part of the cortex is formed by cells of mechanical and conductive tissue and is called the bast. The bast consists of sieve tubes through which a downward current flows: organic substances move from the leaves. Sieve tubes consist of cells connected at their ends into a long tube. There are small openings between adjacent cells.
Organic substances move through them, like through a sieve. In addition to the sieve tubes, the bast contains bast fibers and cells of the main tissue.
To the center of the bast in the stem there is another layer - wood. It consists of vessels and wood fibers. An ascending current flows through the vessels: water with substances dissolved in it moves from the roots to the leaves and flowers. Between the wood and the bast there is a thin layer of educational tissue cells - the cambium. As a result of the division of cambium cells, the stem grows in thickness. Cambium cells divide along their axis. One of the daughter cells goes to the wood, the other to the bast.
In the center of the stem lies a thick layer of loose cells of the main tissue, in which reserves of nutrients are deposited - this is the pith.
1) What is bast?
2) What are the similarities and differences in the functioning of sieve tubes and vessels?
3) On the stump of a cut tree, it was discovered that the core was not in the center of the cut, but was displaced. On one side the layer of wood is thicker, and on the other it is thinner. How can such a phenomenon be explained?
30. Using the table “Comparative composition of blood plasma, primary and secondary urine of the human body,” answer the following questions.

62
Table
Comparative composition of blood plasma, primary and secondary urine
human body (in%)
Components
Plasma
blood
Primary
urine
Secondary
urine
Proteins, fats 7–9
Absent
Absent
Glucose 0.1 0.1
Absent
Sodium (as part of salts) 0.3 0.3 0.4
Chlorine (in salts) 0.37 0.37 0.7
Potassium (as part of salts) 0.02 0.02 0.15
Urea 0.03 0.03 2.0
Uric acid 0.004 0.004 0.05 1) The concentration of which substance increases maximally as blood plasma is converted into secondary urine?
2) What substances and why are absent from the primary urine of a healthy person?
31. Using the data from the tables (pp. 11-12), complete the task:
A student at the Institute of Physical Education, Marina, goes in for equestrian sports.
Every day after college she rides horses for 95 minutes.
After training, a girl goes to have a snack at a fast food restaurant.
Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum protein content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for the energy costs of the workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Marina always orders an omelette with ham.
In your answer, indicate: the athlete’s energy consumption, recommended dishes that should not be repeated; amount of proteins; calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed energy expenditure during training.
32. Why should a person limit his sugar intake?
Give at least two arguments

63
Criteria for assessing assignments of option 3.
Task 29
Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions
(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)
Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
The answer to the first question.
1) The bast is the inner part of the cortex, formed by mechanical and conductive tissues.
The answer to the second question.
2) The similarity is that both sieve tubes and vessels are capable of conducting water and substances dissolved in it. The difference is that a solution of organic substances from the leaves moves through the sieve tubes, and mineral substances dissolved in water from the roots move through the vessels.
Answer to the third question.
3) This is explained by the lighting of the tree trunk: on the illuminated side, the wood cells are larger than on the unlit side.
Therefore, the layer of wood becomes thicker on one side than on the other.
The correct answer contains all of the listed elements in the absence of biological errors
3
The answer contains two of the above elements in the absence of biological errors.
OR
The answer contains three of the above elements in the presence of minor biological errors
2
The answer contains one of the elements mentioned above in the absence of biological errors.
OR
The answer contains two of the above elements in the presence of minor biological errors
1
The answer contains any one of the above elements in the presence of minor biological errors.
OR
Wrong answer
0
Maximum score
3
Task 30
Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions
(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)
Points

64
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) Urea.
2) Proteins, fats.
3) Their absence is due to the peculiarity of filtration in the nephron capsules. Large molecules of these substances are retained by nephron cells.
Organic substances are important for the functioning of the body
The correct answer includes all of the listed elements and does not contain biological errors
3
The answer includes two of the above elements and does not contain biological errors.
OR
The answer includes three of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors
2
The answer includes one of the elements listed above and does not contain biological errors.
OR
The answer includes two of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors
1
Wrong answer 0
Maximum score
3
Task 31
Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions
(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)
Points
The following elements of the answer are correct:
Energy consumption during training – 618 kcal.
Ordered dishes: omelet with ham, Caesar salad, tea without sugar.
Amount of proteins – 35 g; caloric content of the ordered lunch – 600 kcal
The energy consumption during training is correctly indicated, the ordered menu is given, the protein content and calorie content of lunch are indicated
3
The energy consumption during training is correctly indicated; a menu is given that corresponds to the caloric content task; The calorie content of lunch and the protein content are indicated, but the menu does not take into account the requirement that it should include an omelette with ham.
OR
The energy consumption during training is correctly indicated; a menu is given that corresponds to the conditions of the task, but the calorie content of lunch and/or protein content is not indicated or indicated incorrectly
2
Only energy consumption during training 1 is indicated correctly

65
Wrong answer
0
Maximum score
3
Task 32
Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions
(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning)
Points
The response must include the following arguments:
1. Excess sugar leads to metabolic disorders, such as obesity.
2. Excess sugar can eventually lead to diabetes.
The answer includes the two arguments mentioned above and does not contain biological errors
2
The response includes one of the above arguments, OR the answer includes the two arguments mentioned above, but contains minor biological errors
1
Wrong answer
0
Maximum score
2

66
Student #7
Expert points:
Job number
Point
29 30 31 32

67
Student #8
Expert points:
Job number
Point
29 30 31 32

68
Student No. 9
Expert points:
Job number
Point
29 30 31 32

69
Standards of expert assessments for works of option 3
Student #7
Job number
Point
29 2 30 3 31 3 32 2
Student #8
Job number
Point
29 2 30 2 31 3 32 2
Student No. 9
Job number
Point
29 1 30 0 31 0 32 0

70
Option 4
29. Using the content of the text "Beekeeping", answer the following questions.
BEEKEEPING
From time immemorial, the bee became a pet of man, who provided the bee family with a suitable room for it and in return used the products it delivered: honey, wax and healing bee glue - propolis. Honey replaced our current sugar, and wax provided the best material for candles at that time.
In ancient times, people provided bees only with hollows of forest trees, where the bee colony settled. Such hollows were called “borti”, and this primitive method of beekeeping was called beekeeping. When extracting honey using this method, bee colonies were destroyed.
Later, as forests were cut down, beekeepers, instead of the previous beekeeping, began to organize special areas - apiaries, where bees were provided with special hives in the form of hollowed-out nests or logs that resembled the hollow of a tree. Essentially, these ancient hives were not much different from beehives, and the inner life of the bee colony remained invisible to the beekeeper. The beekeeper did not know the lifestyle of the domesticated animal he was dealing with. Man could not direct the activities of the bees at his own discretion, and by extracting honeycombs from the hive, he simply robbed the bees, causing enormous devastation in the bee family.
This method of beekeeping did not allow the extraction of honey and wax on an industrial scale, since bee colonies often did not survive after collecting honey.
Therefore, at the beginning of the 19th century, a collapsible frame hive was designed, consisting of a box into which frames for honeycombs were inserted. It allowed the bees' products to be used without harming the hive population, since the frames filled with honey and sealed with wax were replaced with empty ones. Honey and wax were extracted without causing significant harm to the bee colony, and the process of producing beekeeping products became continuous. Special glassed hives, with the help of which it was possible to observe the activities of bees, made it possible to create a scientifically based doctrine about the life activity of bees - beekeeping.
1)
What type of hive made it possible to partially preserve a bee colony?
2)
What device did the "borti" type hive have?
3)
Why did a frame collapsible hive turn out to be more cost-effective than a deck hive?
30. Using the Partridge Survival worksheet, answer the following questions.

71
Table
"Partridge Survival"
(according to Schwerdpfeger, with simplifications)
Age,
years
Number of individuals
Mortality,
%
Proportion of females
in the population
alive to the beginning
age
dead
in this
age
0 1000 850 85 0.50 2 112 31 28 0.46 4 57 18 32 0.32 6 26 9 35 0.23 8 11 4 35 0.27 10 5 2 35 0.20 12 2 1 50 0 13 1 1 100 0 1) How does the mortality rate (in%) of partridges change in the interval of 4–10 years?
2) How can we explain the high mortality rate of partridges in the first year of life, if it is known that they nest on the ground and are sedentary birds throughout most of Russia, right up to Altai and the Ob River? Give two explanations.